53 research outputs found

    Reduction of Liquidated Damages Ex Officio and a Penalty Clause ? the Issue of Analogical Application

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    ์œ„์•ฝ๋ฒŒ ์•ฝ์ •๋„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์  ์ž์น˜์˜ ์›์น™์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์  ์ž์น˜์˜ ์›์น™๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์œ„์•ฝ๋ฒŒ ์•ฝ์ •์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์œ„์•ฝ๋ฒŒ ์•ฝ์ •์€ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์•ก ์˜ˆ์ •๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์œ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ ์•ฝ์ •์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ ์•ฝ์ •์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ฐ์•ก์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ • ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ํ๋ฆ„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์€ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ตญ์ œ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋”์šฑ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ ์˜ˆ์ •์•ก์˜ ์ง๊ถŒ๊ฐ์•ก์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ398์กฐ ์ œ2ํ•ญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ์กฐํ•ญ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณต์ •์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ์•ก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์€ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์•ก ์˜ˆ์ •๊ณผ ์œ„์•ฝ๋ฒŒ์—์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ , ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์œ„์•ฝ๋ฒŒ์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์œ ์ถ” ์ ์šฉ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์ถ” ์ ์šฉ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ก€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ398์กฐ ์ œ2ํ•ญ์€ ์œ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ์œ„์•ฝ๋ฒŒ์—๋„ ์œ ์ถ” ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์š”์ปจ๋Œ€ ์œ„์•ฝ๋ฒŒ ์•ฝ์ •์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์•ก ์˜ˆ์ •์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌดํšจ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ์•ž์„œ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ„์•ฝ๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์•ก ์˜ˆ์ •์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ทจ๊ธ‰์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–‘์ž๋ฅผ ์• ์จ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฌด์ƒ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์ถ” ์ ์šฉ๋ก ์€ ์ž…๋ฒ•์ž์˜ ์˜๋„์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์  ์ž์น˜ ์›์น™์˜ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ ์šฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์  ์ž์น˜ ์›์น™๊ณผ๋„ ์–‘๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋†’์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ์œ„์•ฝ๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์•ก ์˜ˆ์ •์˜ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์œ ๋… ์‚ฌ์  ์ž์น˜์˜ ์›์น™์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ„์•ฝ๋ฒŒ ๊ฐ์•ก์˜ ๋ฌธํ„ฑ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋†’์ธ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋“ค์€ ์žฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•œ๋‹ค. Under the principle of private autonomy in contract law, a penalty clause in a contract is enforced in Korean law. However, it does not necessarily mean that a penalty clause is subject to private autonomy to the same extent as other contractual clauses. A penalty clause is the type of an agreement to pay stipulated amount of money in case of a breach of contract, in addition to damages. This clause is to be differentiated from a liquidated damages clause, the purpose of which is to assess and determine damages in advance so that damages could be covered by paying liquidated damages. Generally, a penalty clause serves more of pressing and punishing function whereas a liquidated damages clause serves more of compensating function with enhanced efficiency and convenience. According to Article 398, Paragraph 2 of the Korean Civil Code, liquidated damages may be reduced ex officio when the stipulated sum is excessive. This marks huge difference between a liquidated damages clause and other contractual clauses. Meanwhile, the Korean Supreme Court has consistently denied the application of this doctrine on a penalty clause. Although the Korean Supreme Court applies a public policy provision in the Korean Civil Code to nullify it in whole or in part, it is done only in a very exceptional case. This article, in opposition to this stance, argues that this provision should also be applied to a penalty clause by way of analogy so that the stipulated penalty sum may be reduced ex officio when it is deemed excessive. The underlying principles in the reduction of liquidated damages, such as the principle of fair contract or the principle of just compensation, are even more manifestly requested in a penalty clause. Therefore, allowing reduction of liquidated damages while banning it in penalty is not a fair treatment of a penalty clause and Parties availing such clause. Further, the general rules on the analogical application make it quite clear that Article 398, Paragraph 2 may be applied to a penalty clause, especially considering that the nature of a penalty clause is much closer to the nature of a liquidated damages clause than other contractual clauses. Such conclusion promotes coherence of law and adequacy in outcome of individual cases. At the same time, it does not run counter to the principle of private autonomy or the original intent of legislator of the Korean Civil Code. It will alleviate unnecessary burden of the court to distinguish between a penalty and liquidated damages, the borderline of which is often difficult to draw. In this regard, recent Supreme Court decisions that placed special emphasis on the value of private autonomy and restricting the intervention of the court under public policy consideration on a penalty clause, thereby treating a penalty clause and a liquidated damages clause differently, need to be reconsidered in light of the above observations.N

    Thoughts on the Self-Determination Right to Personal Information and the Consent Regime

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    ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ1์กฐ์—์„œ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์กด์—„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์„ฑ์—ญ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์งˆ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ๋„ ์—†์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋“ฏ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋Š˜ ๊ทธ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋„ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์€ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ10์กฐ์™€ ์ œ17์กฐ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ด๋…์  ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ ˆ๋Œ€๊ถŒ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐœ๋…์ƒ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ต๋“ค์˜ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ ค์™€ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ •์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ์ •๋ณด ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์ด์ž ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์˜ ์†์„ฑ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์กฐ์ •์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์ „์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์ธ๊ฐ„์ƒ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์  ์ธ๊ฐ„์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๊ท ํ˜•๊ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์ • ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ •ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋™์˜ ์—†์ด๋Š” ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์›์น™์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์ด๋…์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋กœ์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฒ•์ œ์—์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์ด๋…์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„๋„ ๊ทธ ์ด๋…์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋™์˜ ๊ทœ์น™(property rule), ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ทœ์น™(liability rule), ์–‘๋„๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๊ทœ์น™(rule of inalienability)์˜ ํ‹€์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์€ ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ ฅ, ์ธ์ง€๋ ฅ, ํŒ๋‹จ๋ ฅ, ํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋‹ด๋ณด๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ˜„์‹ค ์†์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋™์˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋™์˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ํž˜์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์–ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์˜ค๋‚จ์šฉ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์šฐ๋ ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๊ณผ ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”์™€ ์‹ค์งˆํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋™์˜์˜ ํ˜•์‹ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์˜(informed consent)๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ(text) ์š”์•ฝํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ‘œ(table)๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€(image)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์ทจ๊ธ‰๋ฐฉ์นจ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ œ๋‚˜ ์ธ์ฆ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ3์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ 1์ฐจ ํŒ์ •ํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ทธ ํŒ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ๋ฐ˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋™์˜์˜ ์‹ค์งˆํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‚ฌ์ „์  ํ†ต์ œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ†ต์ œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ๋””ํดํŠธ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””ํดํŠธ ๊ทœ์น™์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(๋™์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ ์ค‘ ํ•„์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค)์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•„์ˆ˜๋™์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜ตํŠธ-์•„์›ƒ(opt-out) ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋™์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „์ œํ•˜๋˜ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ชจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ†ต์ œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋“ค์˜ ์œ„์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…, ์žฌ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ ํ‹€์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋™์˜ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์  ํ†ต์ œ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ •์ •์ด๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ถ”๊ถ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์šฉ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ํ†ต์ œ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•์ œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•์  ํ†ต์ œ ์™ธ์—๋„ ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„์‹œ ์ฆ์ง„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ (privacy enhancing technologies, PETs)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํ†ต์ œ, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ž์œจํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. As declared in the first Article of the Personal Information Protection Act in Korea, personal information protection purports to materialize inner value of human dignity. This poses possibility of viewing personal information protection as nearly non-negotiable issue. However, as is the case with other legal issues, pursuing certain value almost always requires subtle balancing in regard to other values. The matter of personal information protection is no exception to this. The self-determination right to personal information, which forms a normative foundation for personal information protection regime, springs from personality right which in turn grounds itself on the Article 10 and 17 of the Korean Constitution. The self-determination right to personal information, according to a typical taxonomy, is categorized as absolute or dominion right, and thus regarded as a strong right by its nature. Yet, it is also the right that controls and curbs information and expression, and thus creates tension against other personal legal interests. In that sense, it is to be differentiated from typical absolute right such as ownership right over things. Therefore, it is important that one reasonably delineate the scope of protection for personal information, thereby striking an appropriate balance among relevant values and interests. In order to realize the idea of self-determination, the current legal regime in principle requires the consent of the information subject in collecting or processing personal information. As long as the idea of self-determination can be justified, the consent regime can also be justified. Further, from the perspective of property rule / liability rule dichotomy, the consent regime which embodies the idea of property rule is justified. However, in order for such regime to work well in practice, lack of information, judgment capacity, and bargaining power of the information subject need to be addressed. Without such basis, the consent regime only justifies exploitation of personal information of personal information controller from less-informed information subject. The empirical studies show that it is so in reality. Moreover, the consent regime needs to be revisited in the wake of Internet of Things, in which obtaining individual consent from information subject becomes almost impracticable. Against this backdrop, this article proposes several ways to respond to these challenges. First, it points out necessity to enhance informed decision of the information subject by simplifying and materializing information-disclosure on the meaning and the scope of personal information collection and processing. The summary of the text of a privacy policy or relevant boilerplates may be provided. Tables and images may also be used, as one can find out similar examples in other areas such as revealing energy efficiency on electronic appliance. A rating or certification of a privacy policy by competent authorities may also serve as a simple way of delivering information. Second, it addresses the possibility of relaxing current consent regime, including turning current opt-in regime to opt-out regime, while strengthening other means of personal information protection, including fortifying control right of information subject in the processing stage, utilizing technical measures such as PETs(Privacy Enhancing Technologies), and encouraging self-imposed control in the private sector. Such efforts may lead to substantial and practical protection of personal information.N

    Interpretation of a Best-efforts Clause

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    ์ตœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์กฐํ•ญ(best efforts clause)์€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ƒ ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ดํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ์–ธ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์กฐํ•ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์กฐํ•ญ์€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ™•์ •์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ๋„ ์ ์ฐจ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ตœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์กฐํ•ญ์€ ์ตœ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ตœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ํ•ด์„๋ก ์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์ตœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์กฐํ•ญ์€ ๊ทธ ์ถ”์ƒ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„ ๋ฒ•์  ํšจ๋ ฅ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•ด์„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ท€์ฐฉ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ดํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ƒ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์  ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ์ตœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์กฐํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•์  ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” โ‘  ์ตœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์กฐํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•์  ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ฑ„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ์ (ํ•ด์„์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ), โ‘ก ์ตœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์กฐํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•์  ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ (๋ฒ•์  ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ํ•˜ํ•œ์„ ), โ‘ข ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ตœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์กฐํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•์  ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ (๋ฒ•์  ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ์ƒํ•œ์„ )์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•ด์„์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.Best efforts clause is a contractual clause to the effect that a contracting party is required to exert best efforts to fulfill ones contractual obligation. This clause is often used to reduce uncertainty of the contractual relationship in a circumstance where it is difficult to specify concrete and fixed terms and conditions in advance at the time of the contract. It has been heavily used in Anglo-American jurisdictions. At the same time, the usage of the best efforts clause is increasing in international commercial contracts as well as in domestic contracts. However, the interpretation of the best efforts clause accompanies significant challenge from a legal perspective. This is mainly due to the amorphousness of the terms such as best and efforts. This article aims to address this challenging issue. In the first place, it should be noted that enforceability of this clause is frequently at issue. It is, after all, the issue of a contract interpretation. Generally speaking, the more specific and clear the clause is, the more reasonable reliance invested into the clause exists, and the more unique and non-obvious the clause in the specific contractual setting is, the more likely the best efforts clause becomes enforceable.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ฐœ์ „์žฌ๋‹จ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ 2014๋…„๋„ ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜

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    Introduction and Analysis of the Korean Civil Code Amendment Bill on the Right of Retention

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    ์ด ๊ธ€์€ 2016. 3. 25. ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•™์ˆ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ถŒ์˜์ค€, 2013๋…„ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์‹œ์•ˆ ํ•ด์„ค(๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ด์น™โ‹…๋ฌผ๊ถŒํŽธ), ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์šฉ์—ญ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ(2013. 9) ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐœ์ •์ž‘์—… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ๊ถŒ์˜์ค€, 2014๋…„ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์‹œ์•ˆ ํ•ด์„ค(๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ด์น™โ‹…๋ฌผ๊ถŒํŽธ)(๋ฏธ๊ณต๊ฐ„)์˜ ์œ ์น˜๊ถŒ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ˆ˜์ •โ‹…๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•๊ฐœ์ •์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” 2009๋…„ 2์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„ 2์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์žฌ์‚ฐํŽธ ์ „๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ •์‹œ์•ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€๋Š” 2013๋…„ 7์›” 17์ผ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์œ ์น˜๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์„ ๊ตญํšŒ์— ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์œ ์น˜๊ถŒ์˜ ํํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž…๋ฒ•์  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์˜ ํฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ๋œ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ(์ œ1์œ ํ˜• ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ)์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์€ ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์—†๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ • ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋ฉด ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ค์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์€ ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณต์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ์š”๊ฑด์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ํšจ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ ์œ ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฐœ์ƒ์š”๊ฑด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌํ–‰์‚ฌ์š”๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์œ ์น˜๊ถŒ์˜ ์ ์œ  ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •๋“ฑ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต์‹œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ ์œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๋ถˆ์ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทน๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฏธ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋™์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์น˜๊ถŒ์€ ์กด์น˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋™์‚ฐ์—๋Š” ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์ด ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ๋˜๋ฉด ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ์น˜๊ถŒ์ž๋Š” ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ์ผ ํ›„ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋‚ด์— ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ(์ œ2์œ ํ˜• ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ)์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์ด ์„ค์ •๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์œ ์น˜๊ถŒ์€ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์œ ํ˜• ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์œ ์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ œ1์œ ํ˜• ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ํ”ผ๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ณ€์ œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์—์„œ ์ œ1์œ ํ˜• ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์œ„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•œ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์†ํ•˜๋˜ ์œ ์น˜๊ถŒ์€ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋„ ์ œ1์œ ํ˜• ์ €๋‹น๊ถŒ์„ค์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์ด ์ œ19๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ์— ์ œ์ถœ๋œ ํ›„ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์˜ ๋‹น๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ›„์† ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์ด ์ œ19๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹๊ณผ ํ•ด๋ฒ•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฝƒํ•€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ์น˜๊ถŒ ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. On Jul 17. 2013, the Ministry of Justice in Korea submitted the Korean Civil Code amendment bill on the right of retention to the National Assembly. This is legal response to address the distortion of the current legal regime on this right. The outline of the bill is as follows. Firstly, the right of retention for registered immovable is to be abolished. Instead, the right-holder is given the right to demand mortgage (for convenience sake, A type mortgage). This right is acknowledged even without relevant contract as long as statutory requirements are met. Possession is not a requirement to obtain this right. Instead, the mortgage is to be registered so as to be accessible by public. The underlying idea is to enhance efficiency in the usage of the immovable by eliminating the possession requirement and replacing it by registration. Although requirements for such mortgage are different from general mortgage, its legal effect remains the same. Secondly, the right of retention for unregistered immovable and movable is to be retained, considering that these things are not eligible for registration due to their nature. However, once unregistered immovable is registered, the right-holder should file for mortgage (for convenience sake, B type mortgage) within six months. Unless mortgage is registered or the above claim is filed within this period, the right of retention extinguishes. Since B type mortgage directly replaces existing right of retention, it has more powerful effect than A type mortgage; its legal effect takes place retroactively as of the time of performance of a secured claim. However, even a failure to file for B type mortgage within due period does not hinder the right-holder from filing for A type mortgage. Since the submission of this bill, discourse on the appropriateness of the bill has heated up among scholars. This paper introduces and analyzes the bill in light of such discourse. Although the possibility of the passage of the bill in the National Assembly is considerably low due to political circumstances, the inherent value of the bill and its implication for the future of right of retention cannot be underestimated. This paper is part of continuing efforts in improving legal regime and related legal doctrines concerning right of retention

    ่‘—ไฝœๆฌŠ ไพตๅฎณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๆไพ›่€…์˜ ่ฒฌไปป

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    This article addresses three different dimensions in the realm of civil adjudication. These dimensions, namely legal theory, doctrine and practice, are densely woven into the process of civil litigation and judgment. Legal theory is a comprehensive value system as to what law is and what law ought to be. Legal doctrine is a systemized set of detailed legal principles based on legal precedents. Legal practice is a process of interpreting and applying legal norms to a specific case by jurists. These dimensions are closely intertwined with one another, though they serve different functions. This article analyzes these different facets from the perspective of a judge. In the first place, judges, when handling actual cases, tend to turn to a relevant legal doctrine. The doctrine may function as a framework by which the case is measured against. Generally speaking, legal doctrines have been formed and verified over a substantial period of times. This is especially true in the realm of the private law, which has been cumulatively built up since the Roman period. The formality of the legal doctrines contributes to the stabilization of the adjudication, thereby enhancing predictability and stability. Secondly, judges often rely on their hunch in drawing the conclusion of a specific case. This may give rise to the danger of arbitrary decision making. However, it is not necessarily so, for the hunch mentioned above is ordinarily linked to the sense of equity that has been formed over a myriad of professional experiences by the judge who sits for the case. This ensures that the legal doctrine is applied and developed to meet current requirements arising out of an individual case. In this regard, this practice-related dimension in the civil litigation offers fine-tuning or customizing function, in the sense that it mitigates inevitable...์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ฐœ์ „์žฌ๋‹จ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ 2008ํ•™๋…„๋„ ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ

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    Protecting Reliance in a Contractual Relationship

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    ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๊ฐ€ 2011. 8. 30. ์ฃผ์ตœํ•œ ใ€Ž๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐใ€ ํ•™์ˆ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๊ธ€์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ง๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋„ ์กฐ๋ง๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฒ ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‘ ๊ด€์ ์€ ์ ๋Œ€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฐํ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋‘ ๊ด€์  ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๊ธด์žฅ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ์  ๊ด€์ ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ณธ์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ํ† ๋Œ€ ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹ ๋ขฐ์  ๊ด€์ ์€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ํ† ๋Œ€ ์œ„์—์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ์  ๊ด€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ฒ•์  ์Ÿ์ ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธด์žฅ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ํ‹ˆ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๋„ ๊ทธ ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์„ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์ฐพ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ง€ํ˜•(ๅœฐๅฝข)์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ์ด์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ535์กฐ์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ฒด๊ฒฐ์ƒ ๊ณผ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ต์„ญ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹นํŒŒ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ต์„ญ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต ๋“ฑ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ฒด๊ฒฐ ์ด์ „์— ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์–ธ๋™์„ ๋ฏฟ์€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฒญ์•ฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์Šน๋‚™์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•ด์„๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์•ฝ์กด์† ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์กด์†์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ทจ์†Œ, ๋ฌดํšจ, ํ•ด์ œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋„ˆ๊ทธ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์กด์†์„ ๋ฏฟ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กด์†์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณด์žฅ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†์  ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ดํ–‰๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž„์˜์ดํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ์ž„์˜์ดํ–‰์ด ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ดํ–‰ ๋˜๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ดํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ด ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์€ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํŒŒํŽธ์„ฑ(็ ด็‰‡ๆ€ง) ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ‹€ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฌถ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์Œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณง ํƒ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์„ ์—์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ท€์ฐฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์š”๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์ฑ… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์•ผ๊ธฐ, ์‹ ๋ขฐ์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์š”๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”๊ฑด์€ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ธฐ์ค€๋“ค์„ ๋™์›ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ธฐ์ค€๋“ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์ตํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค
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