Determination of five components in Fuzheng Pingxiao Capsula by HPLC-MS

目的建立扶正平消胶囊中苦杏仁苷、芍药苷、贝母素甲、黄芪甲苷和吴茱萸次碱5种成分的HPlC-MS测定方法。方法色谱条件:色谱柱为AgIlEnT EClIPSE PluS C18柱(250 MMx4.6 MM,5μM),乙腈-0.1%甲酸水为流动相,梯度洗脱;质谱条件:采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),正离子检测,SIM模式。结果苦杏仁苷、芍药苷、贝母素甲、黄芪甲苷和吴茱萸次碱的定量限分别为12.9、32.2、1.00、1.21、0.40 ng/Ml,检测限分别为6.46、6.44、0.25、0.61、0.16 ng/Ml;在相应的线性范围内r>0.999 0;峰面积之比的日内精密度(rSd)和日间精密度(rSd)均小于2%,平均回收率均在98%~102%。结论本方法可同时测定扶正平消胶囊中苦杏仁苷、芍药苷、贝母素甲、黄芪甲苷和吴茱萸次碱的量,快速简便,实用性强。Objective To simultaneously determine the contents of five components(amygdalin,paeoniflorin,peimine,astragaloside IV and rutaecarpine) in Fuzheng Pingxiao Capsula by LC-MS.Methods Chromatographic separation was achieved with gradient elution by Agilent Eclipse plus C18 column(250 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm) and an Agilent 1100 Mass Spectrometer system was operated under the SIM mode with electrospray positive ionization(ESI).The mobile phase is acetonitrile-0.1% methanoic acid.Results The LOQ of amygdalin,paeoniflorin,peimine,astragaloside IV,and rutaecarpine in Fuzheng Pingxiao Capsula were 12.9,32.2,1.00,1.21,and 0.40 ng/mL,and the LOD were 6.46,6.44,0.25,0.61,and 0.16 ng/mL,respectively.Within the linear range,r > 0.999 0.Both intra-day and inter-day precision with RSD was less than 2%.The average recovery rates of the five components were in the range of 98%—102%.Conclusion This method is fast,sensitive,and reproducible.It could be used to determine amygdalin,paeoniflorin,peimine,astragaloside IV,and rutaecarpine in Fuzheng Pingxiao Capsula under the same chromatogram condition

黄土高原东南部黄土记录的全新世东亚季风变化

在全球变暖背景下,未来东亚季风的变化一直备受关注,而东亚季风演化规律的研究能够为未来的预测提供重要基础。黄土-古土壤序列几乎连续地记录了古东亚季风变化的信息,本文选取黄土高原东南部的荥阳、偃师、灵宝、吉县、丁村五个剖面进行磁化率和古风化强度分析,重建了黄土高原东南部两万年以来的东亚夏季风演化历史:18～12 ka B.P.,季风强度较弱;12～10 ka B.P.,季风强度显著增强;10～6 ka B.P.,季风强度最强;6 ka B.P.以后季风强度逐渐减弱。对比发现黄土高原东南缘全新世东亚夏季风的演化与东亚季风区不同纬度代表性记录基本同步,没有显著的区域性差别;东亚夏季风变化主要受控于北半球低纬太阳辐射,但存在明显滞后。同时发现全新世古土壤磁化率与古风化强度峰值在地层中的位置往往不一致,在风化较强的地区,古风化强度最大值位置偏下,两个指标相比,古风化强度能够更客观地反映东亚夏季风强度。</p

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials