5 research outputs found

    亚热带典型区域水稻土氧化铁高光谱反演---以珠江三角洲为例

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    氧化铁是土壤中铁元素的主要存在形式,亚热带土壤中高含量的氧化铁形成了该区域重要的土壤附色成分针铁矿和赤铁矿等矿物,使得土壤颜色明显区别于其他气候带.以亚热带典型地区珠江三角洲为例,分析不同光谱形式与土壤氧化铁含量的相关性,提取特征光谱波段建立土壤氧化铁的反演模型.结果表明:土壤氧化铁含量与反射光谱之间呈负相关,且敏感波段主要位于404、574、784、854和1204 nm等可见近红外区域.微分处理后的光谱与土壤氧化铁的相关性明显提高.在相关性显著波段的基础上采用逐步多元线性回归以及主成分分析剔除共线性波段,最后选择特征光谱波段作为反演模型的输入参数.比较反演模型的结果,得出该地区土壤氧化铁含量的最佳反演模型为BP人工神经网络(RMSEC = 0.22,RMSEP = 0.81,R~2 = 0.93,RPD= 12.20),该模型具有非常好的稳定性,适用于快速估测土壤中氧化铁含量,并且能够为测度土壤氧化铁的空间分布提供研究基础.</p

    黄土关键带深层土壤水分动态模拟与主控因素

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    地球关键带是维系地球生态系统功能和人类生存的关键区域,土壤水分是黄土高原关键带植被恢复与生态环境重建的关键因子之一。为探明黄土关键带深剖面土壤水分变化过程并进行模型模拟,对黄土高原长武塬区苹果地和小麦地的深层土壤水分(0~18m)进行监测(2011~2013年,共选择11个不同日期进行深剖面土壤水分监测),在此基础上,采用Hydrus-1D进行模型模拟,分析了深剖面土壤水分动态及其模拟效果的主控因素。结果表明:1)苹果地(6~18m)、小麦地(3~18m)的深层土壤含水量随时间变化很小;0~1m的土壤含水量随时间变化较大;不同土地利用类型会产生不同的土壤水分过程及运动机制;在根系及近根系区,土壤含水量变化受根系分布格局及土壤质地共同影响,接近地表时还同时受降雨、蒸发等上边界条件影响;在非根系区,土壤含水量的主要影响因素为土壤质地;2)利用前6次的实测数据进行调参和校正,后5次实测数据进行预测效果检验,取得了较好的深剖面土壤水分模拟效果&mdash;&mdash;苹果地的决定系数、相对误差绝对值、均方根误差分别介于0.5923~ 0.7637、3.33%~5.20%、0.0149~0.0168cm~3/cm~3之间,小麦地分别介于0.2414~0.6822、2.64%~4.58%、 0.0177~0.0247cm~3/cm~3之间;3)叶面积指数、根系深度与分布是影响深剖面土壤水分动态模拟效果的主控因素。相关结果可为黄土关键带深剖面土壤水分模拟与调控提供参考。</p

    广东省土壤重金属溯源及污染源解析

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    近年来土壤重金属污染问题日益加剧,而土壤重金属溯源解析对土壤重金属污染防治具有重要的指导意义.本文采集并测试了广东省土壤表层(0~ 20 cm) 1000个样本中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素的含量,选取了可能影响这些重金属元素在土壤中含量的106个因子,将其分为自然和人为两大类,基于回归模型树方法,通过R语言及Cubist模型定量计算这些影响因子对8种重金属元素在土壤中含量的贡献率,筛选不同元素的主要影响因子,进行溯源及污染源解析.结果表明:广东省土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn来源受自然因素作用大于人为因素,土壤中Hg则相反,其主要来源于工业生产,部分来源于农业生产.土壤中Cd和Hg元素的人为源具有同源性.广东省土壤重金属人为源贡献率由大到小分别为土壤As为工业&gt;农业&gt;交通&gt;人口&gt;其他; Cd为工业&gt;农业&gt;交通&gt;其他; Cr为农业&gt;工业&gt;交通、人口&gt;其他; Cu为工业&gt;农业&gt;交通&gt;其他; Hg为工业&gt;农业&gt;交通、矿区&gt;人口&gt;建筑; Ni为工业&gt;农业&gt;交通&gt;其他; Pb为工业&gt;农业&gt;其他; Zn为工业&gt;农业&gt;人口&gt;其他.本研究结果有利于指导相关产业减少污染排放,降低土壤环境质量受到的污染风险.</p

    利用树轮宽度重建过去 238 年来内蒙古喀喇沁年降水量

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    根据树轮气候学实验步骤, 经过精确交叉定年, 建立了内蒙古喀喇沁地区油松树木年 轮宽度年表. 相关函数分析表明, 树轮宽度年表与上年 8 月至当年 7 月的降水总量显著相关, 在此基础上设计转换方程, 重建了该地区 1771~2008 AD 之间上年 8 月至当年 7 月的降水总 量, 方差解释量达 49.3% (调整自由度后为 47.1%). 重建序列可与邻近赤峰-围场地区已有的 树轮降水序列进行良好对比. 在 1771~2008 AD 期间有 8 个降水量较多的时期(高于多年平均 值)和 7 个降水量较少的时期(低于多年平均值), 分别反映了东亚夏季风较强和较弱的时期. 功率谱分析检测出重建降水序列含有 120, 80, 8 和 2 a 左右的准周期

    浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油氧化稳定性 及挥发性成分的差异Differences of oxidative stability and volatile components between fragrant and refined rapeseed oils

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    利用烘箱法加速氧化试验分析研究浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油氧化稳定性及挥发性成分变化的差异。结果显示:基于过氧化值达到国标限量(≤5 mmol/kg)的精炼菜籽油、浓香菜籽油的预测货架期分别为64 d和80 d,浓香菜籽油的氧化稳定性明显优于精炼菜籽油;利用同时蒸馏萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法(SDE-GC-MS)对两种菜籽油中挥发性成分进行检测分析发现,在初始浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油中分别检出10类84种和6类51种挥发性成分,总量分别为11 110.78 μg/kg和3 831.28 μg/kg;浓香菜籽油中含量最高的是硫苷降解产物,其次是烯烃类和酚类物质,分别占总量的32.04%、22.74%、22.22%;精炼菜籽油中含量最高的是酚类物质,其次是醛类和酮类物质,分别占总量的30.32%、23.18%、16.39%,硫苷降解产物、杂环类、酯类、醇类物质均未检出。35 d的试验结束时,浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油中挥发性成分总量均大幅升高,分别为51 729.62 μg/kg和45 671.79 μg/kg,醛类物质成为两种菜籽油中含量最高的挥发性成分,分别占总量的60.30%和68.07%;浓香菜籽油中硫苷降解产物大幅降至仅占总量的2.64%,同时杂环类物质含量大幅降低,酮类、烯烃类、烷烃类物质含量大幅升高;精炼菜籽油中酮类、烷烃类、烯烃类物质含量升高,醇类物质从初始的未检出升高至占总量的13.10%。对挥发性成分进行主成分分析发现,造成两种初始菜籽油差异的挥发性成分主要为苯代丙腈、3-甲基-2-丁腈、2-蒎烯、5-己烯腈、4-乙烯基-2,6-二甲氧基-苯酚,这些物质为浓香菜籽油提供独特风味;在加速氧化试验后期,造成两种菜籽油差异的成分则主要为1-戊烯-3-醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、(E)-2-戊烯醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、正己醛、壬醛、甲基庚烯酮、(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、白菖烯、甲基环己烯10种物质,且前5种物质与精炼菜籽油相关,多为亚油酸氧化产物,后5种物质则主要与浓香菜籽油相关。研究结果明确了不同工艺生产的菜籽油产品的综合品质差异,可为不同菜籽油产品精准的保质保鲜技术发展提供支持。 An Schaal oven accelerated oxidation experiment was used to examine the differences of oxidative stability and volatile components between fragrant and refined rapeseed oils.The results showed that based on the peroxide value reaching the national standard limit (≤ 5 mmol/kg), the predicted shelf life of refined and fragrant rapeseed oils were 64 d and 80 d, respectively, and the oxidative stability of fragrant rapeseed oil was considerably better than that of refined rapeseed oil. The simultaneous distillation extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SDE-GC-MS)was used to detect the volatile components in the two kinds of rapeseed oil,and the results revealed that 84 volatile components of 10 categories and 51 volatile components of 6 categories were detected in the initial fragrant rapeseed oil and refined rapeseed oil, respectively, with total amounts of 11 110.78 μg/kg and 3 831.28 μg/kg. The most abundant component in fragrant rapeseed oil was glucosinolate degradation products, followed by alkene and phenols, accounting for 32.04%, 22.74% and 22.22% of the total, respectively. The most abundant component in refined rapeseed oil was phenols, followed by aldehydes and ketones, accounting for 30.32%,23.18% and 16.39% of the total, respectively, while glucosinolate degradation products, heterocyclic, esters and alcohols were not detected. At the end of the 35 d experiment, the total amount of volatile components in fragrant rapeseed oil and refined rapeseed oil increased significantly to 51 729.62 μg/kg and 45 671.79 μg/kg, respectively, and aldehydes became the highest volatile components in both rapeseed oils, accounting for 60.30% and 68.07% of the total, respectively.The glucosinolate degradation products in fragrant rapeseed oil decreased significantly to only 2.64% of the total,while the content of heterocyclic substances was significantly reduced and the contents of ketones, olefins and alkanes significantly increased.The content of ketones, alkanes and olefins in refined rapeseed oil increased, while the content of alcohols increased from the initial non-detect to 1310% of the total. The volatile component principal component analysis revealed that the differences between the two original rapeseed oils were mostly caused by benzoylpropionitrile, 3-methylcrotononitrile, 2-pinene, 5-hexenenitrile and 4-ethenyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol,which contributed to fragrant rapeseed oil’s unique flavors. In the late stage of accelerated oxidation experiment, the differences between the two rapeseed oils were mainly caused by 1-penten-3-ol, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-heptenal, hexanal, nonanal, methylheptenone, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, leucocalyene and methylcyclohexene, and the first five substances were related to refined rapeseed oil, mostly linoleic acid oxidation products, while the latter five substances were mainly related to fragrant rapeseed oil. The results clarified the comprehensive quality differences of rapeseed oil products produced by different processes and could provide support for the development of precise quality and freshness preservation technology for different rapeseed oil products
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