Housing and keeping pigs under condition of ecological breeding

Sažetak Ekološko se stočarstvo temelji na uzgoju životinja na etološki prihvatljiv način, uz očuvanje okoliša i proizvodnju visoko vrijednih namirnica u prehrani ljudi. Ovakvim se načinom proizvodnje u Europi bavi razmjerno mali broj proizvođača, uključujući i ekološki uzgoj svinja. Međutim, sve veća potražnja ekološki proizvedene svinjetine u zemljama članicama Europske unije povećava interes za ovim oblikom proizvodnje. Naša zemlja obzirom na geografski položaj, klimatske specifi čnosti, čisti okoliš i kvalitetne pašnjake može u budućnosti proizvoditi takvu vrstu hrane ne samo za potrebe vlastitog stanovništva, već i za inozemno tržište. Uz ostale zahtjeve, u ekološkoj proizvodnji svinja, neophodno je osigurati i odgovarajuće uvjete smještaja i držanja životinja. U radu su opisane osobitosti smještaja i držanja pojedinih kategorija svinja u ekološkom uzgoju.Besides environment protection and production of highly nutritive victuals in people’s diet, ecological animal husbandry is based on keeping animals in ethologically favorable way. This way of breeding in Europe, as well as ecological pig production, is only addressed by relatively small number of producers. However increased demand of ecologically produced pork in EU members also increases interest for this type of production. Considering geographical environment, climate qualities, clean environment and pasture grounds of quality, we are able to produce such food not only for needs of local inhabitans, but for foreign market as well. Besides other demands, in ecological pig production, it is also necessary to ensure adequate housing and keeping conditions of animals. In this paper housing and keeping characteristics of particular pig categories in ecological breeding are described

Produzione domestica delle salsice per uso personale

U radu su opisani postupci izrade domaćih kobasica u kućanstvu. Recepture za proizvodnju kobasica se razlikuju ovisno o tradiciji kraja u kojem se proizvode. Međutim, bez obzira na vrstu kobasica, tijekom njihove izrade potrebno je pridržavati se osnovnih normativa proizvodnje, a u cilju kakvoće i ispravnosti krajnjeg proizvoda.The paper describes the procedures of producing home-made sausages in household. Recipes for producing sausages differ depending on the tradition of the area where they are produced. Still, regardless of the kind of sausages, it is necessary to hold on to basic normative of production during their production, for the purpose of quality and propriety of a final product.In der Arbeit sind die Verfahrungsweisen der Herstellung von einheimischen Würsten in den Haushalten beschrieben. Die Rezepturen für die Herstellung von Würsten sind verschieden und sie hängen von der Tradition der Gegend, wo sie hergestellt werden, ab. Allerdings muss bei der Herstellung ohne Rücksicht darauf, um welche Sorte der Würste es sich handelt, eine gewisse Normativgrundlage eingehalten werden. Dies alles wegen der Qualität und der Richtigkeit des Endproduktes.Questo testo presenta i modi di produzione domestica delle salsicce. Le ricette per fare le salsicce sono varie, cosa che dipende dalla tradizione della regione in qui vengono prodotte. Però, nonostante il tipo di salsicce, durante la produzione è necessario rispettare le quantità imposte nella produzione, con lo scopo di ottenere quanto più alta qualità e la sicurezza del prodotto finale

Production and quality of goat meat

Uzgoj koza i konzumacija kozjeg mesa uvjetovani su religijom, tradicijom i običajima, te tržištem i navikama potrošača. Kozje meso je karakterističnog okusa i povoljnog kemijskog sastava, te se preporuča prvenstveno kod zdrave prehrane. U proizvodnji mesa koriste se različite mesnate pasmine poput burske koze te križanci domaće s plemenitim pasminama koza. Pri odgovarajućoj hranidbi postižu dnevni prirast iznad 200 grama, a indeks jarenja je visok i vrlo često po jarenju daju dvoje jaradi. Prema postojećim propisima kozje meso se stavlja u promet kao jaretina i kozetina I. II. i III. kategorije u trupovima, polovicama i četvrtima. Randman se kreće između 35 i 53 posto, a kakvoća mesa određuje na osnovi senzorskih pokazatelja.Goat breeding and goat meat consumption are conditioned by religion, tradition and habits as well as by market and consumer practice. Since goat meat has a specific taste and an acceptable chemical structure it is highly recommended as a well-balanced diet. Diverse meattype breeds such as boer goat and hybrids of domestic and highbred goat breeds are used in meat production. According to the prevalent rules, goat meat is put on the market as kid’s meat of 1st, 2nd and 3rd category meat offered in trunks, halves and quarters. Dressing percentage is between 35 and 53 percent, while sensor indicators define meat quality

Farm Animal Welfare

Važnost osiguranja dobrobiti farmskih životinja, među ostalim i u podizanju kvalitete života ljudi, raste sve više. Europska unija preko 20 godina kontinuirano unapređuje zakonske propise iz područja dobrobiti životinja. Pritom je naglasak na zaštiti životinja koje se uzgajaju za proizvodnju hrane, osobito onih koje su izložene intenzivnijim oblicima uzgoja i proizvodnje.The role of farm animal welfare assurance, among other also referring to upgrading the quality of life in humans, has been ever more emphasized. In European Union, legal provisions in the field of animal welfare have been continuously upgraded for more than 20 years now, with special reference to the protection of food animals, in particular those exposed to more intensive forms of breeding and production

Razina plazmatičnog kortizola u nazimica tretiranih imunostimulatorom virusnog podrijetla (Parapoxvirus ovis) u kasnoj fazi gravidnosti.

The goal of these investigations was to check if two-time treatment of gilts by Baypamun® before transferring from the pre-farrowing to farrowing unit can activate natural killer cells, stimulate leukocyte production and lymphocyte proliferation, and decrease the rise in plasma cortisol caused by stress. The investigation comprised 30 one year-old Swedish Landrace gilts in the late phase of gravidity, which were divided into three groups. Group 1 formed a control group, from blood which was taken in the the pre-farrowing unit in order to enable comparison of the results of plasma cortisol with results obtained in the other two groups. In group 2, Baypamun in a dose of 2 ml i/m at days 7 and 5 was applied, and in group 3 at days 3 and 1 prior to transferral from the pre-farrowing to farrowing unit. After gilts in groups 2 and 3 had been transferred four days prior to farrowing, blood was taken from them at days 1, 3 and 5 of their stay in the farrowing unit. Plasma cortisol was analyzed by the radioimmunochemical (RIA) method. The obtained results by groups were compared with each other using one-way analysis of variance. According to the obtained results an average level of plasma cortisol of the gilts in groups 2 and 3 throughout the research was higher than in control group 1. A significant statistical difference (P < 0.05) appeared between control group 1 and group 3 at day 1 of the stay of gilts in the farrowing unit. Therefore, an anti-stress effect of Baypamun occurred between days 1 and 3 of the stay in the farrowing unit, i.e. by the day of farrowing, when the level of plasma cortisol again began to rise due to stress caused by partus.Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je provjeriti može li dvokratno tretiranje nazimica Baypamunom prije premještanja iz čekališta u prasilište aktivirati prirodne stanice ubojice, potaknuti stvaranje leukocita i proliferaciju limfocita te sniziti porast kortizola uzrokovan stresom. Istraživanje je provedeno na 30 jednogodišnjih nazimica pasmine švedski landras u kasnoj fazi gravidnosti podijeljenih u tri skupine. Prva skupina bila je kontrolna. Drugoj skupini nazimica dano je 2 ml Baypamuna im. 7. i 5. dana prije preseljenja iz čekališta u prasilište, a trećoj skupini 3. i 1. dana prije preseljenja. Nakon što su nazimice iz druge i treće skupine preseljene, njima je prvog, trećeg i petog dana boravka u prasilištu izvađena krv. Plazmatični kortizol je određivan radioimunokemijskom (RIA) metodom. Dobiveni podatci međusobno su uspoređeni jednosmjernom analizom varijance. Prosječna razina plazmatičnog kortizola nazimica u drugoj i trećoj skupini bila je veća nego u kontrolnoj skupini. Pri tome je značajne statistička razlika (P < 0.05) ustanovljena prvog dana boravka u prasilištu između kontrolne i treće skupine. Prema dobivenim rezultatima protustresni učinak Baypamuna očitovao se 1. i 3. dana boravka u prasilištu

Ecological pig breeding

U Republici Hrvatskoj postoje svi prirodni uvjeti za uspješnim uzgojem svinja na ekološki prihvatljiv način. Pritom treba poštivati zakonom određene zahtjeve, a odnose se na: opće uvjete, zootehničke postupke, smještaj i držanje te hranidbu i zdravstvenu zaštitu svinja. Pri organizaciji smještaja svinje se mogu držati u zatvorenim prostorima ili na otvorenom. Kod držanja svinja u zatvorenom razlikujemo nekoliko funkcionalnih prostora, koji se dijele na prostor za baleganje, ležanje, hranjenje i izlaz za slobodno kretanje. Držanje na otvorenom može biti organizirano za sve kategorije svinja izuzev krmača neposredno pred prasenje i prasadi u prvom periodu života. Pritom treba izbjegavati nepropusna i močvarna tla, jer prekomjerna vlažnost može biti uzrokom zdravstvenih poremetnji. U cilju zaštite od sunca i nepovoljnih vremenskih prilika, na otvorenim površinama postavlja se dovoljan broj kućica, koje veličinom odgovaraju pojedinim dobnim skupinama svinja.In the Republic of Croatia there are all the necessary natural conditions for successful pig breeding in an ecologically favourable way. It is important that legal regulations governing these conditions are observed, which include general conditions, zoo technical processes, housing, management, nutrition and health care of pigs. Regarding housing, pigs can be kept in indoor premises or in outdoor facilities. While indoor, there are some functional premises divided into area for droppings, for lying, for feeding and exit for free moving. All categories of pigs can be kept outside, with the exception of sows immediately before farrowing and piglets in the first period of their lives. Impenetrable and swampy grounds should be avoided, since some health disorders can be caused by excessive moisture of soil. In order to protect pigs from sun and bad weather conditions there are certain number of outdoor facilities adequate for particular age groups of pigs

Animal Communication

Komunikacija među životinjama jest složeni proces izmjene informacija između pošiljatelja i primatelja. Smatra se da je oblikovana evolucijom kako bi se životinjama povećali izgledi za preživljavanje i produženje vrste. Osnovni komunikacijski znakovi među životinjama su vizualni, auditorni (glasovni), kemijski i taktilni te komunikacija elektrorecepcijom. Pojedinačno ili u kombinaciji imaju brojne funkcije.Communication amongst animals is a complex process of information exchange between the sender and the receiver. It is believed that it was formed by evolution to increase the animal’s chances for survival and reproduction. The basic categories of communication signals among animals are visual, auditory (voice), tactile and chemical, as well as communication by electroreceptors. Animals use these individually or in combination, and they have a number of functions