Camillo Boito i arhitektura ujedinjene Italije

U radu se analiziraju tekstovi talijanskog arhitekta, kritičara i teoretičara arhitekture i restauriranja Camilla Boita nastali u sedmom desetljeću 19. stoljeća. Tekstovi su objavljeni u dnevniku La Perseveranza i časopisima Il Politecnico i Nuova Antologia. Analizirajući Boitove rasprave o natječajima, aktualnom stanju arhitektonskog projektiranja i potrebi nastanka nacionalne arhitekture, autor ih stavlja u kulturni i politički kontekst nastanka ujedinjene Kraljevine Italije.The paper presents an analysis of texts written by Camillo Boito, an Italian architect, theoretician and critic of architecture and restoration, in the 1860s. The texts were published in the newspaper La Perseveranza and the journals Il Politecnico and Nuova Antologia. By analysing Boito’s tractates on competitions, current state of architectural design and the need for the creation of a national architecture the author places texts within a political context of the Italian unification

Modruš, povijesni spomenik između predaje i diskontinuiteta

Modruški plemićki grad Tržan u hrvatskoj je historiografiji zauzeo značajno mjesto, počevši od prvih znanstvenih osvrta sredinom 19. stoljeća. U tekstu se raspravlja o uzrocima zapuštenosti toga plemićkoga grada, koji se prepoznaju u nedovoljnoj povezanosti povjesničara i povjesničara umjetnosti te u postupnom zapuštanju ideala preporodnoga naraštaja. Autor u tom smislu upućuje na diskontinuitet u istraživanju toga važnoga nacionalnoga spomenika, naročito u krugu povjesničara umjetnosti.The paper brings a discussion on the reception of Modruš as a historical monument which in the age of the Croatian National Revival drew the intention of Croatian historical sciences. While classical monuments were recognized as relevant heritage already in renaissance, medieval monuments of continental Croatia drew researchers’ interests in the first half of the 19th century due to the growth of the national consciousness. They were succeeded or sometimes even preceded by works of foreigners or civil servants who published them in foreign languages. Thus the article mentions the researches by Anton Steinbüchel, Franz Julius Fras, Ladislav Ebnera, Mihael Kunits and Johann Gabriel Seidl. Subsequent period saw a development of the national research unit which was encouraged by Ivan Kukuljević, following the initiative by the bishops Maksimilijan Vrhovec, Juraj Šporer, Ivan Derkos as well as Ljudevit Gaj. However, in the 20th century it lost its strength due to specialization and altered political circumstances. The author presents two aspects of the research of Modruš as a monument which unites historical sciences: the establishment of the research interest for such monuments before Kukuljević’s age and the problem of discontinuity in acknowledging that sort of national heritage (especially in Croatian art history) after the dissolution of the Austro–Hungarian Monarchy, and the death of Gjuro Szabo. Discontinuity is regarded as a social phenomenon, as external (political) impact on the process of scientific specialisation during the 20th century, but also as a question of professional preferences of researchers. This conclusion is drawn due to a feeling that during the last century Croatian art history witnessed a development of two art–historical communities – one which specialised in Croatian coastal heritage and art history of the modern age, thus entering the university curriculum, and the other which, due to a weak support by both the public and profession, made minor improvement regarding the conditions which researchesmet under the Austrian government in the second half of the 19th century

POVIJEST JEDNE PRETPOVIJESTI

Prikaz knjige Žarke Vujić, Izvori muzeja u Hrvatskoj, Kontura Art Magazin Zagreb 2007

Split kao kuća

Prikaz knjige: Ana Šverko, Grad (ni)je kuća. O dijalogu između novog i starog Splita – urbanistička predigra, 2016

CARLO LANZA, THE FIRST DIRECTOR OF THE ARCHAELOGICAL MUSEUM IN SPLIT

U tekstu se donose podaci o dr. Carlu Lanzi, splitskom liječniku, političaru, starinaru i prvom ravnatelju gradskoga Muzeja starina. Osim upotpunjenih biografskih podataka o Lanzi, autor objavljuje i njegov portret, koji je 1830. izradio slikar bidermajera Peter Fendi.The text is concerned with the life and work of Carlo Lanza (1778/81-1834), a physician and antiquarian of Italian descent from Split. The text contains information on his life, which can be divided into two parts, before and after he moved to Dalmatia. Based on an article by S. Ivačić dating from 1834, the author reconstructs Lanza’s curriculum vitae from his birth in the town of Roccasecca, his medical studies in Naples to his rising interest in antiquarian pursuits followed by his leaving to Lombardy in the late 18th century. The paper brings Lanza’s contacts with the classicist poets Ippolito Pindemonte and Vincenzo Monti, along with political upheavals provoked by Napoleon’s conquests in Europe. Of special interest is the congeniality of Lanza’s and Monti’s interests for the culture of the antiquity and their dedication to the ideas of the Napoleonic France. Having moved to Split, which is dated around 1806 and linked with the arrival of the French army, Lanza was accepted as an eminent physician, politician and antiquarian. The author emphasizes the interrelation between contemporary intellectuals and high politics, especially in the wake of Napoleon’s fall and the return of the Austrian administration, when Lanza became the mayor of Split. It is necessary, therefore, to mention Lanza’s short publication extolling the Austrian emperor, Francis I, as a symptom of a vacillating ideology accompanying Metternich’s political system. Lanza’s loyalty paid off since in 1818 he hosted the Emperor in his numismatic collection, which allegedly numbered around 4000 items. The collection left such an indelible impression both on the Emperor and on his antiquarian Anton Steinbüchel that Lanza became the first head of the Museum of antiquities in Split instituted by the Emperor’s decree. The article further provides record of Lanza’s work in Salona and the nature of his activities as a conservationist of antiquities in Split. An important role was played by Steinbüchel, head of the Viennese Cabinet for numismatics and antiquities who sent to Lanza methodological instructions for pursuing archaeological and museum work. Lanza’s intention from 1819 to execute repairs (riparazioni) on excavated archaeological items so as to make them dignified (rendere decente) reenacts a contemporary dispute between Thorwaldsen and Canova regarding the integration of fragments. It is also important to remember short remarks from the journal Kunst-Blatt on the works in Salona and Lanza’s earliest associates: Vincenzo Solitro and Raffaele Martini as inspectors for antiquities and Vicko Andrić as engineer in charge of technical aspects of archaeological works. Finally, the text also brings Lanza’s portrait by the eminent Viennese painter and drawer of the Cabinet for numismatics and antiquities, Peter Fendi, today kept in Kunsthistorisches-Museum in Vienna

Conserve or restore? Camillo Boito’s texts on the protection of cultural heritage, 1884 to 1886

U tekstu se raspravlja o teorijskim spisima Camilla Boita objavljenima od 1884. do 1886. godine. U njima je taj talijanski arhitekt, pedagog, kritičar i teoretičar pisao o reproduciranju, održavanju i restauriranju kulturne baštine, organiziranju državne uprave, donošenju posebnih zakona i prevladavanju stilskog restauriranja konzervatorskim pristupom kulturnoj baštini.Camillo Boito published a series of critical debates about the relation between conservation and restoration in the period between 1884 and 1886. They proved him to be the most ripe European conservation theoretician of his time, as he transferred issues previously discussed only on the theoretical level onto the practical and institutional realm, that is, he talked about them in terms of national cultural heritage management and legislation. The article gives an overview of the beginnings and development of new concepts in the field of conservation in four texts. The frst one it covers is the Esposizione Generale Italiana in Turin in 1884. In it Boito describes an experiment by architect-restorer Alfred D‘Andrade and his associates in the construction of a „mediaeval village“ (borgo medievale). The text is significant because, after Ruskin’s Opening of the Crystal Palace from 1854, a debate about reproduction as a way of valuing and preserving cultural heritage was initiated. D‘Andrade chose 15th century buildings in Piedmont and focused on the Borgo as a place of instruction, since Boito saw it as a blend of archaeology and copying for the purpose of strengthening national memory. Instead of the invention, there is composition, based on precise archaeological acquisitions (togliere) from geographically different but stylistically similar buildings of Piedmont. That way science and imagination were connected to the experimentation with reproductions in architecture, which opened a modern debate on facsimile reconstructions. That same year, 1884, Boito also gave his famous lecture Restauratori. In it he condemned the methodology of stylistic restorers, arising out of the 16th century „restoration frenzy“ (la furia di restaurare). Instead of intervening, Boito advocated a conciliatory approach to a monument, warning restorers to beware of „forging antiques“ (falsifcazione dell‘antico) during re-integration (reintegrazione). Michelangelo’s models, conservators under Pius VII, Vitet and Merimée helped him oppose the restorers by offering a conservation principle. In 1885 Boito continued the debate about conservation, but now he wanted to apply it at the level of state administration and legislation. Probably for the frst time, he wrote in the form of a dialogue about the burning issue of the long overdue national acts on the protection of cultural heritage. The context for the debate lie in initiatives in Europe and beyond, as evidenced by A. von Wussow’s book from the same year, Die Erhaltung der Denkmäler in den Kulturstaaten der Gegenwart. The two interlocutors in Boito’s dialogue discuss the structural, administrative problems of preserving Italian heritage by dividing it into eight monument provinces (le regioni monumentali). In addition to funding conservation and restoration work and joining technicians and historians, Boito proposed to expand the value horizon to the „entire history“ (tutto il passato), something William Morris also demanded in the SPAB Manifesto in 1877. Italian legislators were supposed to follow the tradition of the Papal State and the former principalities. In the dialogue, the emphasis is placed on studying the heritage, creating catalogs and preparing restoration projects. Finally, in 1886 Boito published the dialogue entitled Our old monuments: conserve or restore? The text is interpreted as a prelude to 20 century debates, as the manifesto of the „new school“(nuova scuola), formed after the death of Viollet-le-Duc. The dialogue features concepts on the distinction between the original and restored part of an artwork and the publication of this difference, which influenced the theory of preservation as well as international conventions such as the Athens Charter of 1931, Italian Norms of Restoration from 1931 and the Venice Charter from the year 1964. Unlike the open condemnation of restorers after the 1884 Turin lecture, this dialogue develops Boito’s „intermediary theory“, which discusses the need to restore as a legitimate need, and elaborates clear ethical principles. By quoting the textual models of classical philologists (manifestation of emptiness, lacunas within the preserved document) for architectural restoration, Boito elaborated previously proclaimed principles of conservation and intervention into historical monuments in twelve points. They point to a philological sensibility and intellectual honesty of conservators and restorers, binding generations of professionals to the present day

Sforzinda; The Real and Unreal at Francesco Sforza’s Court

U tekstu se izlažu segmenti arhitektonske misli Antonija Averlina zvanog Filarete, autora teksta o gradogradnji iz sredine 15. stoljeća, nastaloga na milanskom dvoru Francesca Sforze. Težište rada je na ispitivanju odnosa prema traktatu Leona Battiste Albertija, kao i prema antičkoj i humanističkoj književnosti i filozofiji. Ispituju se problemi ranorenesansnog poimanja ruševina i poticajnih historiografskih obavijesti o antici, te problem projekcije tog iskustva u stvarni i mogući svijet.The author presents segments from the architectural thought of Antonio Averlino, known as Filarete, who was at Francesco Sforza’s court in Milan in the mid-15th century and wrote a text on designing cities. Interest focuses on investigating his attitude to Leone Battista Alberti’s treatise, and to classical and humanistic literature and philosophy. The author addresses problems of the early-Renaissance approach to ruins and inspiring historical information about Antiquity, and the problem of projecting this experience into the real and possible world

Perception of Antiquities by Leon Battista Alberti

U tekstu se izlažu problemi razvitka percepcije starina u spisima graditelja Leona Battiste Albertija. Interes je u najvećoj mjeri usmjeren njegovim tehničkim spisima: raspravama o slikarstvu, skulpturi, zemljomjerstvu i arhitekturi, koji su nastajali od 1430-ih do 1450-ih godina. Autor pronalazi temelje nauka o percepciji pisanih i tvarnih starina u suodnosima kultura Grčke i Rima, te u tvorbi jezičnih pravila kojih je protežitost mogla poslužiti kao gradbeni model za humaniste prve polovice 15. stoljeća. U prikazu recepcije pisane predaje autor istražuje antička pojmljenja analogije, a u prikazu percepcija tvarnih starina bavi se Albertijevim tumačenjima sjetilnih iskustava i njihovom aplikacijom.This paper deals with the issues of perception of antiquities in Leon Battista Alberti´s writings. Emphasis is placed primarily on his technical writings dealing with painting, sculpture, surveying and architecture from the period between 1430´s and 1450´s. The author traces the foundation of scientific perception of written and material antiquities in Greek and Roman cultural interrelations as well as in language rules which might have served as a model for the 15th century humanists. The author examines the ancient concept of analogy through written tradition. He also studies Alberti´s explanations of sensory experiences together with their application by presenting the perception of material antiquities

Skriveno i vidljivo. Dioklecijanova palača u britanskim putopisima druge polovice 19. stoljeća

U drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća povećao se broj putnika iz Britanije u Split. U tekstu se raspravlja o povijesnoumjetničkom tumačenju i promicanju novih načela održavanja Dioklecijanove palače u tekstovima J. G. Wilkinsona, A. A. Patona, J. Fergussona, J. M. Nealea, E. A. Freemana i T. G. Jacksona. U članku se prati povijest dvojbe: arheološki prezentirati najstariji sloj ili poštovati slojevitost povijesnog ambijenta