On double-layer and reverse discharge creation during long positive voltage pulses in a bipolar HiPIMS discharge

Time-resolved Langmuir probe diagnostics at the discharge centerline and at three distances from the target (35mm, 60mm, and 100mm) was carried out during long positive voltage pulses (a duration of 500$\mu$s and a preset positive voltage of 100V) in bipolar High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering of a Ti target (a diameter of 100mm) using an unbalanced magnetron. Fast-camera spectroscopy imaging recorded light emission from Ar and Ti atoms and singly charged ions during positive voltage pulses. It was found that during the long positive voltage pulse, the floating and the plasma potentials suddenly decrease, which is accompanied by the presence of anode light located on the discharge centerline between the target center and the magnetic null of the magnetron's magnetic field. These light patterns are related to the ignition of a reverse discharge, which leads to the subsequent rise in the plasma and the floating potentials. The reversed discharge is burning up to the end of the positive voltage pulse, but the plasma and floating potentials have lower values than the values from the initial part of the positive voltage pulse. Secondary electron emission induced by the impinging Ar$^+$ ions to the grounded surfaces in the vicinity of the discharge plasma together with the mirror configuration of the magnetron magnetic field are identified as the probable causes of the charge double-layer structure formation in front of the target and the ignition of the reverse discharge

Effective Creation of Self-Referencing Citation Records

Acquiring citation records from online resources has become a popular approach to building bibliography for one's publication. LaTeX document preparation system is the most popular platform for typesetting publications in academia. It uses BibTeX as a tool used to describe and process lists of references. In this article we present a simple method that allows to automatically create a full self-referencing citation record for a collection of papers typeset and published within one proceedings of a conference. This greatly facilitates access to the bibliography entries for anyone who wishes to use them as part of their own publication.Získávání citačních záznamů elektronických zdrojů se stalo standardním požadavkem na vydavatele. V akademickém světě jsou standardními nástroji LaTeX pro sazbu a BibTeX pro práci s citacemi. V článku je prezentována jednoduchá metoda pro automatické vytvoření citační databáze v BibTeXu pro souborné dílo (sborník a.p.) sázené v LaTeXu. To usnadňuje další citovanost vytvořeného díla a článků v něm jejich autory

Uncovering Dangerous Cheats: How Do Avian Hosts Recognize Adult Brood Parasites?

BACKGROUND: Co-evolutionary struggles between dangerous enemies (e.g., brood parasites) and their victims (hosts) lead to the emergence of sophisticated adaptations and counter-adaptations. Salient host tricks to reduce parasitism costs include, as front line defence, adult enemy discrimination. In contrast to the well studied egg stage, investigations addressing the specific cues for adult enemy recognition are rare. Previous studies have suggested barred underparts and yellow eyes may provide cues for the recognition of cuckoos Cuculus canorus by their hosts; however, no study to date has examined the role of the two cues simultaneously under a consistent experimental paradigm. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We modify and extend previous work using a novel experimental approach--custom-made dummies with various combinations of hypothesized recognition cues. The salient recognition cue turned out to be the yellow eye. Barred underparts, the only trait examined previously, had a statistically significant but small effect on host aggression highlighting the importance of effect size vs. statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Relative importance of eye vs. underpart phenotypes may reflect ecological context of host-parasite interaction: yellow eyes are conspicuous from the typical direction of host arrival (from above), whereas barred underparts are poorly visible (being visually blocked by the upper part of the cuckoo's body). This visual constraint may reduce usefulness of barred underparts as a reliable recognition cue under a typical situation near host nests. We propose a novel hypothesis that recognition cues for enemy detection can vary in a context-dependent manner (e.g., depending on whether the enemy is approached from below or from above). Further we suggest a particular cue can trigger fear reactions (escape) in some hosts/populations whereas the same cue can trigger aggression (attack) in other hosts/populations depending on presence/absence of dangerous enemies that are phenotypically similar to brood parasites and costs and benefits associated with particular host responses

The choice of vocabulary for teaching of English at lower secondary school level

The diploma thesis focuses on the vocabulary taught in English lessons at lower secondary school level. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the criteria for choosing particular vocabulary for teaching and the requirements given by the curricular documents. The practical part introduces a qualitative research conducted in a primary school in the sixth and the ninth grade. In the lower grade it deals with the learners´ expectations in terms of the vocabulary they would like to master in the next four years. In the ninth grade the research attempts to find out whether the learners find the vocabulary they learnt useful and sufficient for their needs, respectively the vocabulary they think they miss. Finally, the thesis evaluates the textbook series Project with respect to the data acquired and explains whether it reflects the expectations and wishes of the primary school learners

Team Lotus

The thesis focuses on the history of Team Lotus, an undisputable part of the history of prestigious motorsport phenomenon - Formula 1. The thesis contains information about the team´s origin, its progress to its greatest achievements and its most notable drivers, just like the later decline in competitiveness and the eventual departure from the sport. Finally, it describes the more recent return of Lotus to F1. The practical part of the thesis provides a preparation of a lesson of English language for the ninth grade of an elementary school. It introduces the Team Lotus and the F1 terminology to the children within the topic SPORT. The lesson was uploaded to the methodical website RVP.CZ, where it serves as an example how to involve multicultural education in the lessons of English

sholva-0.6

Semantic net `sholva' contains more than 150 000 records for which there was sufficient agreement among annotators. Indvidual words are labeled in the following categories: person, person / individual, event and substance

sholva-0.6

Semantic net `sholva' contains more than 150 000 records for which there was sufficient agreement among annotators. Indvidual words are labeled in the following categories: person, person / individual, event and substance