Effect of synthetic and bovine milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on immune function : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition Science at Massey University

CLA is a collective name for a mixture of positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid (c-9, c-12-octadecadioenic acid) which possess conjugated double bonds. CLA occurs in a variety of foods, but is present at higher concentrations in products from ruminants. Milk fat is the richest natural source of CLA. The objective of this research was to examine the immunomodulatory properties of CLA (both synthetic and natural CLA derived from bovine milk fat). Two experiments were conducted at the Milk and Health Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. The aim of the first experiment was to investigate the dose effect of different concentrations of synthetic CLA (Tonalin) on immune function. Mice were fed either skim milk powder based diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0% synthetic CLA (Tonalin) by weight. Animals were immunised orally with a mixture of polio vaccine in sodium bicarbonate (25μl) and subcutaneously with Fluvax and Tetanus toxoid vaccine on days 7 and 21. After 4 weeks feeding, mice were euthanased by isoflurane overdose. Various immune parameters were measured and the results showed that synthetic CLA (Tonalin) enhanced a range of immune functions. Synthetic CLA stimulated PHA induced T lymphocyte proliferation at 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% as compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Synthetic CLA enhanced macrophage phagocytosis in a dose dependent manner. Synthetic CLA enhanced antibody responses (mucosal and systemic) to vaccines (polio vaccine, Fluvax and Tetanus toxoid). Natural killer cell activity was significantly enhanced in mice fed 0.25 and 0.5% CLA. In general, 0.25% CLA was regarded as the best CLA level which achieved optimal immunoregulating effects. The aim of the second experiment was to examine the effect of natural CLA derived from milk fat on immune responses in mice. Mice were fed a skim milk powder (SMP) based diet. The control diet was skim milk powder only, without any CLA or milk fat supplementation. The dietary treatments were: ordinary milk fat, fractionated milk fat (1st stage), 0.2% synthetic CLA (Tonalin) and CLA enriched milk fat. Animals were fed these diets for 28 days. Mice were immunised orally with a mixture of polio vaccine/ovalbumin/cholera toxin in sodium bicarbonate on days 7, 14 and 21 and subcutaneously with Fluvax and ADT (Diptheria and Tetanus toxoid vaccine) on days 7 and 21. Natural CLA was found to stimulate PHA and Con A induced T lymphocyte blastogenesis. Supplementation with natural CLA also led to increased antibody responses to vaccines and increased CD25+ populations in peripheral blood in mice. Natural CLA also enhanced macrophage phagocytosis. Synthetic CLA enhanced a range of immune functions which is consistent with the results in the first experiment. It is noted that although the CLA content is low in milk fat, the natural CLA derived from milk fat expressed potent effects in enhancing the growth of immune cells and promoting a range of immune functions in mice. Key words: conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), lymphocyte, macrophage, immunity, milk fa

Nature of W51e2: Massive Cores at Different Phases of Star Formation

We present high-resolution continuum images of the W51e2 complex processed from archival data of the Submillimeter Array (SMA) at 0.85 and 1.3 mm and the Very Large Array (VLA) at 7 and 13 mm. We also made line images and profiles of W51e2 for three hydrogen radio recombination lines (H26\alpha, H53\alpha, and H66\alpha) and absorption of two molecular lines of HCN(4-3) and CO(2-1). At least four distinct continuum components have been detected in the 3" region of W51e2 from the SMA continuum images at 0.85 and 1.3 mm with resolutions of 0.3"x0.2" and 1.4"x0.7", respectively. The west component, W51e2-W, coincides with the UC HII region reported from previous radio observations. The H26\alpha line observation reveals an unresolved hyper-compact ionized core (<0.06" or <310 AU) with a high electron temperature of 1.2x10^4 K, with corresponding emission measure EM>7x10^{10} pc cm^{-6} and electron density N_e>7x10^6 cm^{-3}. The inferred Lyman continuum flux implies that the HII region W51e2-W requires a newly formed massive star, an O8 star or a cluster of B-type stars, to maintain the ionization. The east component, W51e2-E, has a total mass of ~140 M_{\sun} according to our SED analysis and a large infall rate of > 1.3x10^{-3} M_{\sun}yr^{-1} inferred from the absorption of HCN. W51e2-E appears to be the accretion center in W51e2 and to host one or more growing massive proto-stars. Located 2" northwest from W51e2-E, W51e2-NW is not detected in the continuum emission at \lambda>=7 mm. Along with the maser activities previously observed, our analysis suggests that W51e2-NW is at an earlier phase of star formation. W51e2-N is located 2" north of W51e2-E and has only been detected at 1.3 mm with a lower angular resolution (~1"), suggesting that it is a primordial, massive gas clump in the W51e2 complex.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 3 table, accepted for publication in Ap