Deeper Roots: Strengthening Community Tenure Security and Community Livelihoods

Utilizes concrete experiences from Bolivia, Colombia, Brazil, South Africa, Tanzania, India, Nepal, Indonesia, and the Philippines to highlight emerging issues, and offers strategies for advancing community forest tenure security

Povratak „univerzalne knjižnice“ u digitalnom obliku (EN)

This paper begins with two contemporary technological developments both of which present a serious challenge to the dominance in literature and learning of the book in its codex form. While their earlier manifestations were not commercially successful, the most recent e-book readers (portable technological contraptions that have the capacity to store thousands of books that can be read electronically) have been praised not only for their functionality but also for their aesthetic appeal. A related development has been the growth of large-scale digital libraries, the most prominent of which is the Google Books Library Project, launched in 2004 and now committed to the digitisation of around 15 million volumes or 4.5 billion pages in the following six years from some of the world’s leading academic libraries. The purpose of this paper is to explore these developments within the context of ancient and Enlightenment ideas about the ‘universal library’ which assert that the construction of such an institution is the most effective way of promoting universal knowledge. Rather than employing a kind of technological determinism that renders these technologies as merely points along an inexorable continuum of progress, it will be argued that they are the latest manifestation of an idea that long pre-dated digital technology. Over two millennia ago, the Ptolemies attempted to collect the entire corpus of literature in the Greek language as well as significant works in other languages. Many have argued that the institution that held these huge collections, the library at Alexandria, was effectively the world’s first universal library. Even though this library was eventually destroyed, the idea of universalism survived and flourished again during the European Enlightenment, through Diderot’s Encyclopédie project and the construction of national libraries and archives. Latterly, the creation of the World Wide Web is conceived of by some as the apotheosis of the universalism of knowledge. Not everyone is convinced, though, that the attainment of universal knowledge is possible. And, ironically, the most powerful arguments against universalism emanate from a medium whose existential status is most threatened by this idea and its accompanying technologies: the codex book. Despite our technological sophistication, it seems that literature is still able to give us much richer insights into the nature of contemporary society than other forms of media. This paper will illustrate this through the writings of Jorge Luis Borges, Jonathan Swift, Jean Paul Sartre, Washington Irving and Gustave Flaubert, who in their various ways demonstrate the epistemological impossibility of obtaining total knowledge in any intellectual discipline, parody the insane search for it and muse on the tension between canonicity and universalism. These issues are particularly pertinent in an age where the virtualization of text has seemingly rendered obsolete some of the practical obstacles to the universal library and offer a sophisticated rejoinder to those cyber-utopians who have heralded the imminent arrival of universal knowledge via the World Wide Web.   Keywords:the Enlightenment; universal library; World Wide Web; universal knowledge; canonicity; archives; positivismRadnja počinje propitkivanjem dviju tehnoloških inovacija koje dovode u pitanje dominaciju knjige u obliku kodeksa kako u polju književnog stvaralaštva i nakladništva, tako i u procesu učenja. Iako počeci e-knjige nisu bili komercijalno uspješni i isplativi, najnoviji e-čitači (prijenosni uređaji s mogućnošću pohrane tisuća knjiga u digitalnom obliku) hvaljeni su ne tek poradi funkcionalnosti već i zbog svojih estetskih obilježja. Usporedno s tehnološkim razvojem čitača rasla je i brojnost naslova kojima se može pristupiti u digitalnim knjižnicama, od kojih je najpoznatija Google Books Library Project. Pokrenuta je 2004. godine, a cilj joj je digitalizirati otprilike 15 milijuna svezaka ili 4,5 bilijuna stranica u sljedećih šest godina, usredotočujući se i na građu pohranjenu u nekim od vodećih svjetskih sveučilišnih knjižnica.Cilj je radnje propitati navedene inovacije u kontekstu antičkih i prosvjetiteljskih ideja o tzv. univerzalnoj knjižnici, koje pretpostavljaju da bi stvaranje takve knjižnice bila najučinkovitija promocija sveobuhvatnoga, univerzalnog znanja. Umjesto prihvaćanja svojevrsnoga tehnološkog determinizma, prema kojem bi se novije tehnološke inovacije u području knjige i čitanja mogle pojmiti tek kao razvojni korak u nezaustavljivom kontinuumu napretka, u ovoj se radnji e-knjige i digitalne knjižnice promatraju kao najnovije manifestacije davnašnje ideje, nastale u doba kada tehnološkog razvoja u suvremenom smislu riječi nije ni bilo. Prije više od dva tisućljeća, Ptolemejevići su željeli prikupiti cjeloviti korpus tekstova pisanih grčkim jezikom, kao i sva važnija djela na drugim jezicima. Mnogi se autori slažu da je Aleksandrijska knjižnica, institucija u kojoj su bile pohranjene te goleme zbirke, bila prva svjetska univerzalna knjižnica. Aleksandrijska je knjižnica razorena, no ideja univerzalne knjižnice preživjela je i ponovno procvala u razdoblju prosvjetiteljstva, kroz projekt Diderotove Encyclopédie i kroz otvaranje nacionalnih knjižnica i arhiva. Naposljetku, pojedinci su stvaranje World Wide Weba doživjeli kao apoteozu univerzalizma ljudskoga znanja.Ipak nisu svi uvjereni da je moguće dosegnuti univerzalno znanje. Ironično, najsnažniji argumenti protiv univerzalizma znanja potječu iz medija koji je možda najugroženiji tehnološkim razvojem: iz knjige u obliku kodeksa. Usprkos sofisticiranoj tehnologiji, čini se da nam „klasična” literatura i dalje pruža mnogo dublji uvid u procese suvremenog društva negoli ostali mediji. U ovoj će radnji posljednja teza biti potkrijepljena navodima iz djela Jorgea Luisa Borgesa, Jonathana Swifta, Jeana Paula Sartrea, Washingtona Irvinga i Gustava Flauberta, autora koji na različite načine dokazuju epistemološku nemogućnost dosizanja „totalnog” znanja u bilo kojoj intelektualnoj disciplini te unekoliko i ismijavaju paranoičnu potragu za njim, i sami se nadahnjujući tenzijama između znanstvenog kanona s jedne i univerzalizma znanja s druge strane. Upravo su takve teme iznimno važne u dobu u kojemu se čini da je virtualizacijom teksta moguće prevladati neke praktične zapreke u stvaranju univerzalne knjižnice, a njihova analiza nudi i odgovor onim cyber-utopistima koji su najavljivali siguran nastup univerzalnoga znanja zajedno s razvojem World Wide Weba

Experimental Tests of Particle Flow Calorimetry

Precision physics at future colliders requires highly granular calorimeters to support the Particle Flow Approach for event reconstruction. This article presents a review of about 10 - 15 years of R\&D, mainly conducted within the CALICE collaboration, for this novel type of detector. The performance of large scale prototypes in beam tests validate the technical concept of particle flow calorimeters. The comparison of test beam data with simulation, of e.g.\ hadronic showers, supports full detector studies and gives deeper insight into the structure of hadronic cascades than was possible previously.Comment: 55 pages, 83 figures, to appear in Reviews of Modern physic

Screen printed potentiometric chloride sensors

Potentiometric chloride sensors were fabricated by electrochemically chloridizing the surface of screen printed silver electrodes using amperostatic coulometry or asymmetric square wave voltammetry. In the case of coulometric chloridization, the effect of different chloride ion sources was also investigated. The response to chloride ions by each type of sensor was determined by measuring their potentials with respect to a commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode over the chloride concentration range 1.8 to 3,545 mg/L (approximately 50 µM to 100 mM). Results reveal that irrespective of fabrication method, all sensors exhibit near Nernstian responses with no significant relationships between fabrication and response parameters

Lost in translation? Theory, policy and practice in systems-based environmental approaches to obesity prevention in the Healthy Towns programme in England.

This paper explores how system-wide approaches to obesity prevention were 'theorised' and translated into practice in the 'Healthy Towns' programme implemented in nine areas in England. Semi-structured interviews with 20 informants, purposively selected to represent national and local programme development, management and delivery were undertaken. Results suggest that informants articulated a theoretical understanding of a system-wide approach to obesity prevention, but simplifying this complex task in the context of uncertainty over programme aims and objectives, and absence of a clear direction from the central government, resulted in local programmes relying on traditional multi-component approaches to programme delivery. The development of clear, practical guidance on implementation should form a central part of future system-wide approaches to obesity prevention

Pluralized leadership in complex organizations : exploring the cross network effects between leadership influence and informal network relations

Understanding the connection between leadership and informal social network structures is important in advancing understanding of the enactment of pluralized leadership. in this article we explore how the enactment of pluralized leadership is shaped by leadership influence and informal (advice and support) networks and the interactions between the two. building on recent developments in exponential random graph modeling, we empirically model the cross network effects across three leadership networks and explore different forms of cross network effects and under what conditions they occur. our findings suggest that patterns of pluralized leadership have important endogenous qualities, as shaped through actors’ leadership and informal networks, and are important for understanding the required capability for facing increasingly complex organizational situations

Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) within the Feed the Future Project Portfolio of USAID-Bangladesh: A CCAFS Deep-Dive Review

As part of a global effort that will inform how Feed the Future tracks CSA across the 19 focus countries (plus aligned) the CCAFS and USAID/BFS team selected 5 to carry out a deeper analysis of their portfolio. A visit in August 2015 by personnel from CCAFS and USAID-BFS Washington to the Bangladesh Mission provided an opportunity to identify and discuss CSA-related activities within the country and the USAID zone of influence (ZOI). The five-day visit included a series of meetings with Mission staff, project implementing partners and the Bangladesh Department of Agricultural Extension. While the discussion scope emphasized the second of the above CSA objectives, adaptation, within Feed the Future (FTF) projects, the meetings included discussion of the other CSA objectives and USAID projects associated with Food for Peace and Global Climate Change. The visits were preceded by a document review of the Bangladesh Mission projects and relevant agriculture and climate change information available on the web. This report outlines key findings of the visit and suggests ways in which CSA can be further integrated into upcoming Feed the Future programming in Bangladesh

The enactment of plural leadership in a health and social care network : the influence of institutional context

In this article we employ developments in social network analysis (SNA), specifically the p* model, to examine the enactment of plural leadership within, and across, hierarchical levels and organizational boundaries (Denis et al., 2012). Drawing on an empirical study of an inter-professional, inter-organizational network (number of nodes = 23) that delivers health and social care, we address two research gaps: (i) the effect of power relations, derived from professional hierarchy, upon spread of plural leadership; and (ii) the effect of formal leadership, derived from managerial accountability, in channeling the spread of plural leadership for coherent strategic effect. We show that, in a routine situation, the network is characterized by generalized leadership exchanges. In this situation, professional hierarchy and managerial accountability are not visible, nor is channeling of plural leadership by the formal leader. In a non-routine situation, when a disruptive event occurs, the network is characterized by restricted exchange. In this situation, professional hierarchy and managerial accountability are evident, and a formal leader channels plural leadership