Social enterprises: a short note

The objective of this note is to address the following four questions about social enterprises: 1. Why do we need social enterprises? 2. What differentiates social enterprises from economic enterprises? 3. How to accelerate the development of social enterprises worldwide? 4. What are the potential areas for research on social enterprises

Critical issues in the Hofstede and GLOBE national culture models

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to clarify critical issues underlying the national culture dimensions of Hofstede and GLOBE, demonstrating their irrelevance to international marketing decision-making. Design/methodology/approach: In-depth discussion of the theoretical and empirical logic underlying the national culture dimension scales and scores. Findings: Hofstede and GLOBE national culture scores are averages of items that are unrelated and which do not form a valid and reliable scale for the culture dimensions at the level of individuals or organizations. Hence these scores cannot be used to characterize individuals or sub-groups within countries. The national culture dimension scores are therefore of doubtful use for marketing management that is concerned with individual-and segment-level consumer behavior. Research limitations/implications: Researchers should be cautious in using the Hofstede and GLOBE national culture dimension scores for analysis at the level of individuals and organizations. Practical implications: Hofstede and GLOBE dimension scores should not be used to infer individual/managerial and group/organizational level behavior and preferences. Originality/value: The paper follows a recent paper in IMR which was the first to discuss the common misunderstanding of the Hofstede and GLOBE national culture scales and scores, and their misapplication at the level of individuals and organizations by scholars and practitioners. Here we further expand and clarify the issues

On the misuse of national culture dimensions

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the ongoing misapplication of the Hofstede and GLOBE national culture dimensions at the individual level of analysis in both research and teaching. It provides suggestions as to how these national level constructs might be used in analysis and the challenges such use presents to researchers. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology used by Hofstede and GLOBE in their calculation of national culture dimensions is discussed together with the implications. Findings: The consequences of the national nature of the Hofstede and GLOBE national culture dimensions are that the dimensions do not exist at the individual level. The paper explains why, in spite of this, the dimensions continue to be misapplied to individuals. Practical implications: There are important implications for practitioners. The cultural assumptions often made about individuals in different countries based on the Hofstede and GLOBE dimension scores are invalid. Practitioners should not use national culture dimension scores in individual-level culture related decision making. Originality/value: The paper is the first that is focused on the invalid projection of national culture dimensions onto individuals and which highlights the origins and the ongoing nature of this problem

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Vision

Artificial Intelligence innovation that truly separates larger degree portrayals from crude information by using accumulating extremely good layers of neuron-like units is referred to as Deep Learning.  This stacking considers preserving apart portrayals of step-with the aid of-step complex highlights without tedious, detail production. The ongoing success of profound studying has indicated that it outflanks nice-in-magnificence frameworks in picture handling, voice acknowledgment, net seek, concept frameworks, and so forth We furthermore spread makes use of deep gaining knowledge for photo and video getting prepared, language and content material cloth information examination, social facts investigation, and wearable IoT sensor statistics with an accentuation inside the vicinity of Website frameworks. Graphical delineations and models could be large in analyzing pretty some Web records

The effect of corporate political activity on MNC subsidiary legitimacy: an institutional perspective

MNC subsidiaries engage in a variety of corporate political activities to gain legitimacy in the host country. Based on institutional theory, our study examines five types of strategies that MNC subsidiaries pursue to gain legitimacy in foreign markets. Using data from Australian subsidiaries of MNCs operating in different industries, and whose parents originate from 28 different countries, we find that mimetic isomorphism strategy has the strongest effect whereas information strategy has no effect on subsidiary legitimacy. The other three strategies, namely, financial, constituency building and relational have strong to moderate effects on subsidiary legitimacy. In addition, we show that multiple CPA strategies are essential and work together synergistically to contribute to the legitimacy of MNC subsidiaries. Our paper provides empirical support to the widely recognized need for MNC subsidiaries to engage in different types of CPA to legitimize their operations in diverse institutional contexts across the globe

Formative versus reflective measurement models: Two applications of formative measurement

This paper presents a framework that helps researchers to design and validate both formative and reflective measurement models. The framework draws from the existing literature and includes both theoretical and empirical considerations. Two important examples, one from international business and one from marketing, illustrate the use of the framework. Both examples concern constructs that are fundamental to theory-building in these disciplines, and constructs that most scholars measure reflectively. In contrast, applying the framework suggests that a formative measurement model may be more appropriate. These results reinforce the need for all researchers to justify, both theoretically and empirically, their choice of measurement model. Use of an incorrect measurement model undermines the content validity of constructs, misrepresents the structural relationships between them, and ultimately lowers the usefulness of management theories for business researchers and practitioners. The main contribution of this paper is to question the unthinking assumption of reflective measurement seen in much of the business literature

Empirical Assessment of Software Quality Assurance Performs and Challenges in A Development

Quality assurance is critical in the process of software development because it ensures that the software system and other software products are reliable and simple to maintain. Quality standards, Quality control, process automation, quality management, quality planning, and improvement are only a few of the tasks that make up software quality assurance. While our work focused on quality planning, observance to standard methods, and the issues that come with them, our scope is to comprise quality control, software process development, and participation in global quality standards associations. The goal is to produce more reliable findings that can help the software community make better decisions. To collect data from software practitioners, a qualitative research technique was used, particularly the use of questionnaire research instruments