EVOLUTION OF CRISPR SYSTEM AND THEIR APPLICABILITY TO GENOME EDITING IN BACTERIA

Recombinant DNA and genetic engineering technologies have made it possible to manipulate and carry out important advances in biology. However designing reliable, safe and accurate system for genome editing in prokaryotes and eukaryotes has been an issue for a long time. Enzymes (such as polymerases, ligases, and restriction endonucleases) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provided ways to isolate genes and gene fragments, as well as to introduce mutations into gens in vitro, in cells and in a model organism. Today, the field of biology is undergoing a transformative phase with the advent of easy genome engineering using RNA-programmable CRISPR-Cas9. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is an immune system present in prokaryotes that allows the identification of exogenous DNA or RNA molecules. The Cas9 endonuclease is associated with a guide RNA molecule (RNAg) that allows it to form base pairs with target DNA or RNA sequencing, allowing Cas9 to introduce a site-specific double-strand break. Thanks to this breakthrough in genetic engineering Doudna Jennifer and Charpentier Emmanuelle were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 (Doudna and Charpentier., 2014). In what follows I will talk about the applicability of this system to edit bacterial genomes by punctiform, genetic and metabolic modifications

Commerce Restrictions in the Tourist Sector in Developing Countries

The transition of national economies towards macroeconomic structures, in which services dominate, constitutes one of the most important structural mutations in global economy. Global economy has begun several decades ago, but has accentuated in the last two. We encounter this process in every country but mostly in well developed ones. Services constitute the infrastructure of a national economy, whether it is well developed or in course of development. This sector is indispensable to the well functioning of an economy. On one hand, tourism represents today one of the most expansive industries in European economy because of the national and international character of tourist activities, and on the other hand because it represents the subject of many economic politics of EU. As a general tendency, it records a dynamic with a rhythm superior to the global economic growth, even in case of international, political and economic events that may affect in a negative way tourist activities. This proves a slight independence of tourism when it comes to economic and social events. Despite the absence of legal basis, the economic importance of tourism has determined the European institutions to focus upon this sector. Despite all these, Romania and other developing countries, in comparison to those well developed, often find themselves in disadvantage because of the problems they have with the systems of global distribution but mainly because of lack of technology.services,CRS, GDS, international standards, touroperators

How Theories of Well-Being Can Help Us Help

Some theories of well-being in philosophy and in psychology define people’s well-being in psychological terms. According to these theories, living well is getting what you want, feeling satisfied, experiencing pleasure, or the like. Other theories take well-being to be something that is not defined by our psychology: for example, they define well-being in terms of objective values or the perfection of our human nature. These two approaches present us with a trade-off: The more we define well-being in terms of people’s psychology, the less ideal it seems and the less it looks like something of real value that could be an important aim of human life. On the other hand, the more we define well-being in terms of objective features of the world that do not have to do with people’s psychological states, the less it looks like something that each of us has a reason to promote. In this paper I argue that we can take a middle path between these two approaches if we hold that well-being is an ideal but an ideal that is rooted in our psychology. The middle path that I propose is one that puts what people value at the center of the theory of well-being. In the second half of the paper I consider how the value-based theory I describe should be applied to real life situations

The romanian tourism industry in the enlarged community

Tourism is an economic field for Romania, with a valuable development potential, unexploited yet enough and which can become a source of attraction both for foreign tourists, but this is made difficult by the strong competition from neighbor countries and the extent of issues connected to competitiveness. Despite this current difficult problem, the Romanian tourism has had an ascending trend in the last few years. For increasing the role of tourism in industry, achieving the goal of European integration for the touristic field and complying with the requirements of sustainable development, the government has to keep playing an important part and initiate active policies that would lead to the increase of the tourists’ number, tourism incomes and the average duration of the stay. The Romanian government perceives the important role the tourism and travels field can play within the future development of the country, but during the considerable economic efforts made for the European Union integration in 2007, the touristic field has been sort of left in the shadow.promotion, development strategies, touristic offer, destination

An Analysis of the Main Features of the Business Incubators

Over time the success of business incubators has been questioned. There were observers who have noticed their beneficial effects (Haugen 1990), but there were also observers who have criticized the incubators and their impact, for example Cote (1991) who was highly critical with the incubators from Canada, funded by the government. Regarding the business incubators we should remember that the objectives of the incubators should be fully taken into account in evaluating their success. If the objective is to create new companies with a higher probability of success than a non-start-up incubator, then the criteria should be the long-term survival rates and the leaving moment from the incubator. On the other hand, if the objective of an incubator is to obtain profit as an independent entity, then the number of successful companies after leaving the incubator wouldn’t be an appropriate criterion for determining the success of the incubator. Throughout this work we aim to capture the main features of business incubators and to turn our attention to the results of incubation Projects led in Romania through “The National and Multiannual Program of Establishment and Development of Technological and Business Incubators (2002-2012)”.business incubators, management, Canada.

Pricing the Innovation for Market Introduction

The factors that influence pricing strategy change over the life of a product concept. The market defined by a product concept passes through four phases: development, growth, maturity, and decline. Briefly, the changes in the strategic environment over those phases are as follows: Market development. Buyers are price insensitive because they knowledge of the product’s benefits. Both production and not a threat since the potential gains from market development exceed those from competitive rivalry. Pricing strategy signals the product’s value to potential buyers, but buyer education remains the key to sales growth