Returns Policies and Retail Price Competition

We show that returns policies do increase manufacturer profitability by attenuating price competition between retailers. This effect holds only in the presence of end-user demand uncertainty. The conditions under which a returns policy raises the manufacturer's profit are weaker when retailing is a duopoly than when retailing is a monopoly. This suggests that returns policies serve both to dampen competition and resolve demand uncertainty.channels, competition, returns, pricing

Parallel Imports and Music CD Prices

Parallel imports are a significant academic and policy issue. Official investigations into the impact of parallel imports on music CD prices have reached widely conflicting conclusions. This note reports an event study on an international panel of changes in copyright law to permit or disallow parallel imports. The study shows that, on average, legalization of parallel imports was associated with a 7.2–7.9% reduction in the retail price of music CDs.gray market, pricing

The Economics of Privacy

This chapter reviews economic analyses of privacy. We begin by scrutinizing the “free market” critique of privacy regulation. Welfare may be non-monotone in the quantity of information, hence there may be excessive incentive to collect information. This result applies to both non-productive and productive information. Over-investment is exacerbated to the extent that personal information is exploited across markets. Further, the “free market” critique does not apply to overt and covert collection of information that directly causes harm. We then review research on property rights and challenges in determining their optimal allocation. We conclude with insights from recent empirical research and directions for future research.

Parallel Imports and Music CD Prices

Parallel imports are a significant academic and policy issue. Official investigations into the impact of parallel imports on music CD prices have reached widely conflicting conclusions. This note reports an event study on an international panel of changes in copyright law to permit or disallow parallel imports. The study shows that, on average, legalization of parallel imports was associated with a 7.2–7.9% reduction in the retail price of music CDs.parallel imports, gray markets, price discrimination

Loss Leaders: An Indirect Empirical Test

We apply an indirect method to test for the extent of loss leader pricing. Specifically, the extent of loss leader pricing should increase with the profit from other regularly-priced items. Bookstores customarily use bestsellers as loss leaders. Among conventional bookstores, we found that the bestseller discount systematically increased with the store area, selection of titles, and presence of other product categories. A one standard deviation increase in store area was associated with a 3.7 (± 1.8) higher bestseller percentage discount. Among online stores, we found that the bestseller discount systematically increased with the selection of titles and number of product categories. A one standard deviation increase in selection was associated with a 9.5 (± 2.2) higher bestseller percentage discount.retail pricing, loss leaders, switching costs

Monitoring Costs and the Mode of International Investment

contract, vertical integration, opportunism, international investment, China