368 research outputs found

    New Challenges in Critical Infrastructures : A US Perspective

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    L'Ă©mergence d'un plus large spectre de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©s (terrorisme, sabotage, conflits locaux et catastrophes naturelles) et l'interdĂ©pendance croissante de l'activitĂ© Ă©conomique rendent particuliĂšrement vulnĂ©rables les grands rĂ©seaux vitaux des pays industrialisĂ©s. Pour y faire face, des actions importantes doivent ĂȘtre menĂ©es Ă  une Ă©chelle nationale, en particulier par le dĂ©veloppement de partenariats Ă©troits entre le secteur public et la sphĂšre privĂ©e.Cet article analyse l'initiative prĂ©sidentielle lancĂ©e dĂšs 1996 aux Etats-Unis -premier pays au monde Ă  inscrire ces questions Ă  l'agenda du plus haut niveau dĂ©cisionnel- ainsi que la structure nationale de partenariats mis en place depuis lors. Une telle dĂ©marche pourrait constituer un point de dĂ©part pour d'autres pays dĂ©sireux d'Ă©laborer leur propre analyse de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©s et leur stratĂ©gie d'amĂ©lioration.Les Ă©vĂ©nements du 11 septembre 2001, comme les attaques Ă  l'anthrax, ont nĂ©anmoins montrĂ© que les avancĂ©es amĂ©ricaines ne constituaient qu'une premiĂšre Ă©tape d'un processus plus global de prĂ©paration nationale; les infrastructures critiques des Etats-Unis demeurent hautement vulnĂ©rables. Enfin, plusieurs idĂ©es fausses, par trop souvent rĂ©currentes, doivent ĂȘtre dĂ©passĂ©es pour traiter beaucoup plus efficacement ces risques Ă  grande Ă©chelle sur un plan international.Partenariats public-privĂ©;Risques Ă  grande Ă©chelle;Infrastructures critiques;Nouvelles vulnĂ©rabilites;SĂ©curitĂ© nationale;PrĂ©paration collective

    Meeting the Challenge of Interdependent Critical Networks under Threat : The Paris Initiative

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    NARisques à grande échelle;Gestion des crises internationale;Interdépendances;Infrastructures critiques;Anthrax;Initiative collective;Stratégie;Préparation des Etats-majors

    Policy Watch: Challenges for Terrorism Risk Insurance in the United States

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    This paper examines the role that insurance has played in dealing with terrorism before and after September 11, 2001, by focusing on the distinctive challenges associated with terrorism as a catastrophic risk. The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA) was passed by the U.S. Congress in November 2002, establishing a national terrorism insurance program that provides up to $100 billion commercial coverage with a specific but temporary risk-sharing arrangement between the federal government and insurers. TRIA's three-year term ends December 31, 2005, so Congress soon has to determine whether it should be renewed, whether an alternative terrorism insurance program should be substituted for it, or whether insurance coverage is left solely in the hands of the private sector. As input into this process, the paper examines several alternatives and scenarios, and discusses their potential to create a sustainable terrorism insurance program in the Unites States.

    Dealing with Extreme Events: Challenges for Terrorism Risk Coverage in the United States

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    Les attaques perpĂ©trĂ©es contre les Etats-Unis le 11 septembre 2001 ainsi que d'autres survenues le monde depuis posent la question de la responsabilitĂ© des gouvernements et du secteur privĂ© dans la rĂ©duction du risque terroriste et, plus particuliĂšrement, celle de savoir qui devrait payer pour les pertes Ă©conomiques liĂ©es aux attentats. Suite aux Ă©vĂ©nements du 11 septembre qui causĂšrent plus de 35 milliards de dollars de pertes assurĂ©es, les assureurs mirent en garde qu'une autre attaque de cette ampleur pourrait infliger des dommages irrĂ©parables Ă  l'industrie de l'assurance, et que l'incertitude associĂ©e au risque terroriste en faisait, de fait, un risque non-assurable. Ainsi, dĂ©but 2002, pas moins de 45 Ă©tats amĂ©ricains permettaient aux assureurs d'exclure ce risque de leurs couvertures. En cette absence d'offre d'assurance par le secteur privĂ©, la loi du Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA), qui instaure une couverture nationale annuelle Ă  hauteur de 100 milliards de dollars, fut votĂ©e par le CongrĂšs amĂ©ricain le 26 novembre 2002 et signĂ© par le PrĂ©sident Bush le mois suivant. Cette couverture, fondĂ©e sur un partenariat entre industrie de l'assurance et gouvernement fĂ©dĂ©ral, expire le 31 dĂ©cembre 2005. A ce jour (juillet 2004), l'aprĂšs 2005 demeure incertain aux Etats-Unis. Prenant en compte la rĂ©action des marchĂ©s d'assurances amĂ©ricains depuis le 11 septembre 2001 et les caractĂ©ristiques trĂšs particuliĂšres du risque terroriste comme risque Ă  grande Ă©chelle, nous soutenons que le gouvernement fĂ©dĂ©ral doit continuer Ă  jour un rĂŽle important de concert avec le secteur privĂ© pour couvrir les pertes Ă©conomiques rĂ©sultantes d'Ă©ventuelles attaques futures. NĂ©anmoins, TRIA n'est sans doute pas la meilleure maniĂšre de rĂ©soudre la question. Puisque l'existence d'un systĂšme de couverture financiĂšre est une composante clĂ© de toute stratĂ©gie nationale de lutte contre le terrorisme, cet article entend proposer une analyse constructive au dĂ©bat en passe d'ĂȘtre portĂ© Ă  l'agenda au plus haut niveau du pays. En outre, nous proposons un programme spĂ©cifique alternatif au systĂšme TRIA pour couvrir les entreprises opĂ©rant aux Etats-Unis quand celui-ci expirera.Assurance;Terrorisme;EvĂ©nements extrĂȘmes;Etats-Unis;Programmes nationaux de couverture;Politiques publiques;MarchĂ©s financiers;11 septembre 2001

    Looking Beyond TRIA: A Clinical Examination of Potential Terrorism Loss Sharing

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    The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA) established a public-private program to cover commercial enterprises against foreign terrorism on US soil. It was a temporary measure to increase the availability of risk coverage for terrorist acts by requiring insurers to provide coverage. Initially established to sunset on December 31, 2005, a two-year extension has been voted by Congress and signed by the President in December. This paper provides an extensive series of empirical analyses of loss sharing under this program in 2005, and a prospective analysis for 2006. Using data collected on the top 451 insurers operating in the United States, we examine the impact of TRIA on loss sharing between the key stakeholders: victims, insurers and their policyholders, and the taxpayers. By simulating the explosion of a 5-ton truck bomb in major cities in the United States, we conclude that taxpayers are likely not to pay anything for losses below 15billion.Fora15 billion. For a 25 billion loss, insurers and policyholders would handle between 80 and 100 percent of the loss depending on the property take up rate. Only for terrorist attacks where insured losses were $100 billion would taxpayers have to pay 50 percent of the claims. Recent modifications of TRIA will transfer an even larger part of the risk to the private sector. We also show that if TRIA were made permanent in its current form some very large insurers could strategize by collecting large amount of premiums for terrorism insurance but only would be financially responsible for a small portion of the claims. Commercial policyholders from all insurers (whether or not covered against terrorism) and the federal government would absorb the residual insured losses, raising equity issues. The paper also reviews a set of possible long-term alternatives or complementary options to the current design of TRIA that could be important features of a more permanent program. We conclude that more than four years after 9/11, the question as to who should pay for the economic consequences of a terrorist attack on the US has not yet received the attention it deserves. Congress or the White House should consider establishing a national commission on terrorism risk coverage before permanent legislation is enacted.

    Come Rain or Shine: Evidence on Flood Insurance Purchases in Florida

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    In the U.S., flood insurance is provided essentially through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), a public-private program established in 1968. In the past 10 years, the program has radically expanded to cover $1.1 trillion in assets today. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the largest flood insurance sample ever studied by focusing on the state of Florida, which accounts for 40 percent of the entire NFIP portfolio. We study the demand for flood insurance with a database of more than 7.5 million flood policies-in-force for the years 2000-2005, and all the claims filed in Florida during that period. We answer four questions: What are the characteristics of the buyers of flood insurance? What types of contracts (deductibles and coverage levels) are purchased? Where and when are claims paid and to what extent does mitigation work? How are prices determined and how much does NFIP insurance cost? Given the recent significant increase in the cost of catastrophes worldwide and the debate about the role that insurance can play to enhance adaptation to climate change, the responses to these questions shall be of interest to other countries too.Flood hazard - Insurance - NFIP - Florida - Catastrophe financing

    Terrorisme Ă  grande Ă©chelle : partage de risques et politiques publiques

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    The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 against the United-States had a deep impact on both insurance/reinsurance industry world wide -as the most costly event ever- and governmental responsibilities. Because of its very specific configuration, such a tragedy made of terrorism a new source of large-scale extreme risks. From then on, and from catastrophic risk coverage's perspective, terrorism has been often compared with other extreme events like natural disasters. We show in this article that terrorism presents, however, several characteristics that limit its insurability by the maket and is actually much more complex to be managed than the natural hazards, even being catastrophic: Negative externalities of auto-protection; Dynamic uncertainty associated with the risk; Specific distribution of information on risk ; Government decisions influencing the risk of terrorism. Taking into account those singularities, the market reactions to 9/11 and considering the role of governments, several key questions arise: Who should pay for the consequences of terrorist attacks? How financing such events? Can one establish ex ante some national mechanisms of extreme risk sharing that would be based upon a necessary public-private partnership? We also discuss the provisory terrorism risk coverage schemes established in 2002 in France and the United States. This article, which is based on the most recent developments on that issue, suggests some elements for response; it presents an analysis in a field of research that has been relatively underdealt with by the French economic literature.Les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 perpĂ©trĂ©s contre les Etats-Unis ont eu des impacts majeurs sur I'assurabilitĂ© du risque terroriste -notamment comme Ă©vĂ©nement le plus coĂ»teux de toute l'histoire de l'assurance mondiale- et sur la responsabilitĂ© des gouvernements face Ă  un nouveau type de " risque Ă  grande Ă©chelle ". Il est d'usage depuis lors, au regard de la question de la couverture des risques catastrophiques, de comparer ces nouvelles configurations d'attaques terroristes Ă  d'autres risques extrĂȘmes comme les grandes catastrophes naturelles. Cependant, nous montrons que le terrorisme prĂ©sente des caractĂ©ristiques tout Ă  fait singuliĂšres dans une approche d'assurance du risque Ă  grande Ă©chelle et, qui plus est, bien plus complexe Ă  apprĂ©hender que les effets de la nature, soient-ils catastrophiques : ExternalitĂ©s nĂ©gatives des efforts d'autoprotection ; Incertitude dynamique ; Distribution de l'information trĂšs particuliĂšre entre assurĂ©s, assureurs et gouvernement ; Etat porteur de risques de terrorisme. Tenant compte de ces singularitĂ©s que l'article explicite, des rĂ©actions des marchĂ©s d'assurances et de rĂ©assurances, et du rĂŽle des gouvernements, plusieurs questions Ă©mergent : Qui devrait assumer les coĂ»ts de tels Ă©vĂ©nements ? Quels types de financements Ă©tablir ? Quels mĂ©canismes de couverture du risque, fondĂ©s sur un nĂ©cessaire partenariat public-privĂ©, peuvent ĂȘtre Ă©laborĂ©s ex ante ? Cet article, en s'appuyant sur les plus rĂ©cents dĂ©veloppements nationaux et internationaux, offre certains Ă©lĂ©ments de rĂ©ponse et analyse Ă©galement les systĂšmes provisoires de couverture mis en place en 2002 en France et aux Etats-Unis ; il propose une analyse dans un domaine encore relativement peu approfondi, en France, par la littĂ©rature Ă©conomique

    New Challenges in Critical Infrastructures : A US Perspective

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    The emergence of a larger threat spectrum -terrorism, sabotage, local conflicts, political unrest, and natural disasters- combined with the growing globalization of economic activities, makes networks highly vulnerable. Rethinking national vulnerabilities requires the creation and the improvement of long-term public-private partnerships. The article discusses the US Presidential initiative launched in 1996 -the first initiative worldwide to put these issues on the top-level agenda- as well as the national structure of developed partnerships. It might constitute a starting point for other countries to develop their own national strategy, adapting it of course to their own national particularities.Terrorists attacks in 2001 show, however, that such an initiative constitutes nothing but a first step in a general process to build preparedness nationwide; America still remains highly vulnerable. I conclude with a few myths that must be confronted to deal more efficiently with these new large-scale risks at an international level.L'Ă©mergence d'un plus large spectre de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©s (terrorisme, sabotage, conflits locaux et catastrophes naturelles) et l'interdĂ©pendance croissante de l'activitĂ© Ă©conomique rendent particuliĂšrement vulnĂ©rables les grands rĂ©seaux vitaux des pays industrialisĂ©s. Pour y faire face, des actions importantes doivent ĂȘtre menĂ©es Ă  une Ă©chelle nationale, en particulier par le dĂ©veloppement de partenariats Ă©troits entre le secteur public et la sphĂšre privĂ©e.Cet article analyse l'initiative prĂ©sidentielle lancĂ©e dĂšs 1996 aux Etats-Unis -premier pays au monde Ă  inscrire ces questions Ă  l'agenda du plus haut niveau dĂ©cisionnel- ainsi que la structure nationale de partenariats mis en place depuis lors. Une telle dĂ©marche pourrait constituer un point de dĂ©part pour d'autres pays dĂ©sireux d'Ă©laborer leur propre analyse de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©s et leur stratĂ©gie d'amĂ©lioration.Les Ă©vĂ©nements du 11 septembre 2001, comme les attaques Ă  l'anthrax, ont nĂ©anmoins montrĂ© que les avancĂ©es amĂ©ricaines ne constituaient qu'une premiĂšre Ă©tape d'un processus plus global de prĂ©paration nationale; les infrastructures critiques des Etats-Unis demeurent hautement vulnĂ©rables. Enfin, plusieurs idĂ©es fausses, par trop souvent rĂ©currentes, doivent ĂȘtre dĂ©passĂ©es pour traiter beaucoup plus efficacement ces risques Ă  grande Ă©chelle sur un plan international
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