Investigation of natural environment by space means. Geobotany, Geomorphology, soil sciences, agricultural lands, landscape study

Reports given by Soviet specialists at a meeting of Socialist countries on remote sensing of the earth using aerospace methods are presented

Q-phonon description of low lying 1^- two-phonon states in spherical nuclei

The properties of 1^-_1 two-phonon states and the characteristics of E1 transition probabilities between low-lying collective states in spherical nuclei are analysed within the Q-phonon approach to the description of collective states. Several relations between observables are obtained. Microscopic calculations of the E1 0^+_1 -> 1^-_1 transition matrix elements are performed on the basis of the RPA. A satisfactory description of the experimental data is obtained.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures, 9 table

Polarized Gamma-ray Emission from the Galactic Black Hole Cygnus X-1

Because of their inherently high flux allowing the detection of clear signals, black hole X-ray binaries are interesting candidates for polarization studies, even if no polarization signals have been observed from them before. Such measurements would provide further detailed insight into these sources' emission mechanisms. We measured the polarization of the gamma-ray emission from the black hole binary system Cygnus X-1 with the INTEGRAL/IBIS telescope. Spectral modeling of the data reveals two emission mechanisms: The 250-400 keV data are consistent with emission dominated by Compton scattering on thermal electrons and are weakly polarized. The second spectral component seen in the 400keV-2MeV band is by contrast strongly polarized, revealing that the MeV emission is probably related to the jet first detected in the radio band.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, to be published in Science in April 22nd 2011, available on Science Express Web site (March 24th edition

Variability in high-mass X-ray binaries

Strongly magnetized, accreting neutron stars show periodic and aperiodic variability over a wide range of time scales. By obtaining spectral and timing information on these different time scales, we can have a closer look into the physics of accretion close to the neutron star and the properties of the accreted material. One of the most prominent time scales is the strong pulsation, i.e., the rotation period of the neutron star itself. Over one rotation, our view of the accretion column and the X-ray producing region changes significantly. This allows us to sample different physical conditions within the column but at the same time requires that we have viewing-angle-resolved models to properly describe them. In wind-fed high-mass X-ray binaries, the main source of aperiodic variability is the clumpy stellar wind, which leads to changes in the accretion rate (i.e., luminosity) as well as absorption column. This variability allows us to study the behavior of the accretion column as a function of luminosity, as well as to investigate the structure and physical properties of the wind, which we can compare to winds in isolated stars.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomische Nachrichten (proceedings of the XMM-Newton Workshop 2019

Photovoltage in curved 1D systems

Curvature of quantum wire results in intrasubband absorption of IR radiation that induces stationary photovoltage in presence of circular polarization. This effect is studied in ballistic (collisionless) and kinetic regimes. The consideration is concentrated on quantum wires with curved central part. It is shown, that if mean free path is shorter than length of the curved part the photovoltage does not depend on the wire shape, but on the total angle of rotation of wire tangent. It is not the case when mean free path is finite or large. This situation was studied for three specific shapes of wires: "hard angle", "open book" and "$\Omega$-like".Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur