1,181 research outputs found
Genomic regulatory architecture of human embryo retroviral LTR elements affecting evolution, development, and pathophysiology of Modern Humans
Two distinct families of pan-primate endogenous retroviruses, namely HERVL
and HERVH, infected primates germline, colonized host genomes, and evolved into
the global retroviral genomic regulatory dominion (GRD) operating during human
embryogenesis (HE). HE retroviral GRD constitutes 8839 highly conserved fixed
LTR elements linked to 5444 down-stream target genes forged by evolution into a
functionally-consonant constellation of 26 genome-wide multimodular genomic
regulatory networks (GRNs), each of which is defined by significant enrichment
of numerous single gene ontology (GO)-specific traits. Locations of GRNs appear
scattered across chromosomes to occupy from 5.5%-15.09% of human genome. Each
GRN harbors from 529-1486 retroviral LTRs derived from LTR7, MLT2A1, and MLT2A2
sequences that are quantitatively balanced according to their genome-wide
abundance. GRNs integrate activities from 199-805 down-stream target genes,
including transcription factors, chromatin-state remodelers, signal-sensing and
signal-transduction mediators, enzymatic and receptor binding effectors,
intracellular complexes and extracellular matrix elements, and cell-cell
adhesion molecules. GRNs compositions consist of several hundred to thousands
smaller GO enrichment-defined genomic regulatory modules (GRMs) combining from
a dozen to hundreds LTRs and down-stream target genes, which appear to operate
on individuals life-span timescale along specific phenotypic avenues to exert
profound effects on patterns of transcription, protein-protein interactions,
developmental phenotypes, physiological traits, and pathological conditions of
Modern Humans. Overall, this study identifies 69,573 statistically significant
retroviral LTR-linked GRMs (Binominal FDR q-value threshold of 0.001),
including 27,601 GRMs validated by the single GO-specific directed acyclic
graph (DAG) analyses across six GO annotations.Comment: 66 pages, 16 figure
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