"Insiders and outsiders : a social history of fishing in the Chatham Islands circa 1910 to 1975 focussing on the crayfish boom : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University

This thesis argues that the crayfish boom on the Chatham Islands (which occurred between 1966 and 1969) cannot be studied in isolation in order to understand its effects upon the islanders. Rather, it must be placed in the wider context of relations between the Chatham Islands and New Zealand. To this end, it analyses the social history of fishing from 1910 to 1975, identifying a number of themes in the development of the Chathams fishing industry that resurfaced in the crayfish boom. Two recurring complaints were that the government repeatedly ignored requests to improve the Islands infrastructure and implement conservation measures. It suggests that the fishermen shared many of the characteristics of a "tight working class" group (as opposed to a upper class capitalist group) and that this may have influenced the perceptions of government officials towards the islanders, particularly during World War Two. Class issues and perceptions of continuing neglect are put forward as underlying factors in the ongoing tensions between 'insiders' (those who lived on the island) and 'outsiders' (those who came from outside the island, particularly fishermen and government officials). These tensions were particularly evident in disputes about employing Italian fishermen in the 1950s and clashes between locals and 'outsider' fishermen during the crayfish boom. The thesis demonstrates that the crayfish boom raised serious issues including: repeated (yet unheeded) calls for conservation measures, pollution caused by eviscerating crayfish at sea, and the social issues arising from inadequate infrastructure, piracy, violence and marine safety. It demonstrates that failed conservation measures coincided with conservation debates in the 1972 New Zealand election, the same year in which the long-awaited Economic Survey of the Chathams was conducted. The change of government that year led to hopes that the social and environmental issues raised during the crayfish boom would finally be addressed. Although some progress was made, it is argued that many issues remained unresolved. At a wider level, the thesis investigates the relationship between the Chatham Islanders and the government of New Zealand. It demonstrates that, despite government actions, islanders' perceptions of themselves as being geographically, economically and politically marginalised endured

Multiprocessor Iso-surface Volume Rendering

The rendering of iso-surfaces in a scalar 3D dataset can be performed with a new algorithm, called iso surface volume rendering. This algorithm does not introduce sampling artifacts or artifacts due to triangularization. The risk to skip very small details by insufficient re-sampling is also eliminated. Another advantage is its speed compared to conventional volume rendering. So far we achieved speeds in the order of ten frames per second on advanced CPU's. The multiprocessor implementation of this new algorithm uses a division of the voxel data into multiple cubes. These cubes are the basis for distributing the workload onto several processors. A scheduler process is running to perform the distribution of the workload. During the distribution of the workload the scheduler also eliminates the need to render invisible parts of the dataset. This reduces the part of the dataset which must be processed to one third of the original dataset for typical applications. Another major advantage of the scheduling algorithm is that the communication overhead is reduced by a factor of ten to twenty, which allows for the efficient use of many processors

Zirconia as a support for catalysts: influence of additives on the thermal stability of the porous texture of monoclinic zirconia

A single-phase monoclinic zirconia (the thermodynamically stable modification up to a temperature of 1170°C), having a specific surface area of 67 m2g¿1 and a well-developed mesoporous texture, has been prepared by gel-precipitation followed by calcination at 450°C. A commercially available high-surface area monoclinic zirconia powder (SBET=71 m2g¿1) has also been studied. It was found that the specific surface area and pore volume of monoclinic zirconia both decreased markedly on increasing the calcination temperature; despite the fact that the crystal structure was that of the stable modification, this did not seem to impart any substantial resistance to thermal sintering. The thermal stability of monoclinic zirconia could however be improved significantly by addition (by an impregnation technique) of various oxides: CaO, Y2O3, La2O3 all led to an improvement in the thermal stability up to 900°C while MgO exhibited stabilizing properties only up to 700°C; the best results were obtained with La2O3. All the additives investigated other than MgO were found to bring about a partial transition of the monoclinic to a fluorite-like phase of zirconia upon heat treatment; this phase has been shown in the case of the CaO-doped sample to be cubic zirconia and in the cases of the Y2O3- and La2O3-doped samples to be tetragonal zirconia. As little as 20¿50% of a theoretical monolayer quantity of La2O3 was sufficient to give satisfactory thermal stability. The results can be explained by a model involving mass transport by a surface diffusion mechanism

Biocrystallisations: Milk treatments

Following two milk studies performed by the Louis Bolk Instituut, the hypothesis that processing of milk has an important effect on bio crystallisation pictures was investigated. Two raw whole milk tank samples, coded A and B, and 5 treatments performed on these samples (in total A/B 1-6) were offered for analysis. Evaluation was performed Visually and by means of computerized Texture analysis. Conclusions: Processing of milk has a strong effect on the crystallisation pictures. Especially homogenisation of milk had a large impact on the crystallisation picture. Surprisingly, this influence is higher than the treatment with ultra high temperatures at 140C

TACOP: A Cognitive Agent for a Naval Training Simulation Environment

The full version of this paper appeared in: Doesburg, W. A. van, Heuvelink, A., and Broek, E. L. van den (2005). TACOP: A cognitive agent for a naval training simulation environment. In M. Pechoucek, D. Steiner, and S. Thompson (Eds.), Proceedings of the Industry Track of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS-05), p.34-41. July 25-29, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Nickel catalysts for internal reforming in molten carbonate fuel cells

Natural gas may be used instead of hydrogen as fuel for the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) by steam reforming the natural gas inside the MCFC, using a nickel catalyst (internal reforming). The severe conditions inside the MCFC, however, require that the catalyst has a very high stability. In order to find suitable types of nickel catalysts and to obtain more knowledge about the deactivation mechanism(s) occurring during internal reforming, a series of nickel catalysts was prepared and subjected to stability tests at 973 K in an atmosphere containing steam and lithium and potassium hydroxide vapours. All the catalysts prepared showed a significant growth of the nickel crystallites during the test, especially one based on ¿-Al2O3 and a coprecipitated Ni/Al2O3 sample having a very high nickel content. However, this growth of nickel crystallites only partially explained the very strong deactivation observed in most cases. Only a coprecipitated nickel/alumina catalyst with high alumina content and a deposition-precipitation catalyst showed satisfactory residual activities. Addition of magnesium or lanthanum oxide to a coprecipitated nickel/alumina catalyst decreased the stability.\ud \ud Adsorption and retention of the alkali was the most important factor determining the stability of a catalyst in an atmosphere containing alkali hydroxides. This is because the catalyst bed may remain active if a small part of the catalyst bed retains all the alkali

Of heroes, maidens and squirrels: Reimagining traditional Finnish folk poetry in metal lyrics

The Kalevala (1849), the Finnish folk epic, has inspired all types of artists throughout the years. It could be argued that it was only a matter of time before Finnish metal musicians started adapting material from the epic in their music and lyrics. This article presents two case studies of two lyrics. The first is ‘Lemminkäisen laulu’ (‘Lemminkäinen’s Song’) by Kotiteollisuus. This song is about one of the epic’s main heroes, Lemminkäinen, and his unfortunate marriage to Kyllikki. It draws on poems 11‐13 from the Kalevala and on the book Seitsemän veljestä (‘The Seven Brothers’) (1870) by novelist Aleksis Kivi. The second song discussed is ‘Rautaa rinnoista’ (‘Iron from the Breasts’) by Mokoma. The lyrics for this song are inspired by the painting Raudan synty (‘The Origins of Iron’) (1917) by Joseph Alanen. This painting is based on the birth of iron poem from the Kalevala. The interpretation of the lyrics of both songs will show that artists in the same genre have a larger general awareness of other cultural products, including those inspired by the Kalevala and that they use the epic for different purposes. The two case studies will show that adaptation of Finnish folk poetry can be used for various reasons, such as to parodize contemporary society or to voice personal ideas and world-views. Furthermore, the analysis of these lyrics will show that the songs are connected to a sense of Finnishness and the topics and themes of metal music internationally