336 research outputs found
Monte Carlo Simulation of Laser Diodes Sub-Poissonian Light Generation
When laser diodes are driven by high-impedance electrical sources the
variance of the number of photo-detection events counted over large time
durations is less than the average number of events (sub-Poissonian light). The
paper presents a Monte Carlo simulation that keeps track of each level
occupancy (0 or 1) in the conduction and valence bands, and of the number of
light quanta in the optical cavity. When there is good electron-lattice thermal
contact the electron and hole temperatures remain equal to that of the lattice.
In that case, elementary laser-diode noise theory results are accurately
reproduced by the simulation. But when the thermal contact is poor (or, almost
equivalently, at high power levels) new effects occur (spectral-hole burning,
temperature fluctuations, statistical fluctuations of the optical gain) that
are difficult to handle theoretically. Our numerical simulation shows that the
frequency domain over which the photo-current spectral density is below the
shot-noise level becomes narrower as the optical power increases.Comment: 22 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, submitted to Optical and Quantum
Electronic
Semi-classical theory of quiet lasers. Short version
This article is the shorten version of quant-phys/0610106 with a supplemented
theory and new results concerning a single-electron laser driven by a
constant-potentiel battery. "Quiet (or sub-Poissonian) oscillators generate a
number of dissipation events whose variance is less than the mean. It was shown
in 1984 by Golubev and Sokolov that lasers driven by regular pumps are quiet in
that sense. We consider in the present paper two oscillators that should
exhibit in principle the same property. First, a reflex klystron, a vacuum tube
operating in the microwave range of frequency. Second a laser involving a
single electron permanently interacting with the field. It is unnecessary to
quantize the optical field, that is, the theory is semi-classical, yet exact.
As an example, the battery-driven one-electron laser delivers a detected noise
of 7/8 of the shot-noise level, and is therefore sub-Poissonian. Our
calculations are related to resonance-fluorescence treatments but with a
different physical interpretation. Previous theories considering excited-state
atoms regularly-injected in low-loss resonators, on the other hand, do require
light quantization. The theory presented here is restricted to above-threshold
stationary single-mode oscillators. The paper is written in such a way that
readers should be able to follow it without having to refer to quantum-optics
texts."Comment: Submitted to European Journal of Physic
Educational Systems, Intergenerational Mobility and Social Segmentation
We show that the very characteristics of educational systems generate social segmentation. A stylised educational framework is constructed in which everyone receives a compulsory basic education and can subsequently choose between direct working, vocational studies and university. There is a selection for entering the university which consists of a minimum human capital level at the end of basic education. In the model, an individual's human capital depends (i) on her/his parents' human capital, (ii) on her/his schooling time, and (iii) on public expenditure for education. There are three education functions corresponding to each type of study (basic, vocational, university). Divergences in total educational expenditure, in its distribution between the three studies and in the selection severity, combined with the initial distribution of human capital across individuals, can result in very different social segmentations and generate under education traps (situations in which certain dynasties remain unskilled from generation to generation) at the steady state. We finally implement a series of simulations that illustrate these findings in the cases of egalitarian and elitist educational systems. Assuming the same initial distribution of human capital between individuals, we find that the first system results in two-segment stratification, quasi income equality and no under education trap whereas the elitist system generates three segments, significant inequality and a large under education trapEducational systems; intergenerational mobility; social segmentation; under-education trap
Comment on: "Sadi Carnot on Carnot's theorem"
Carnot established in 1824 that the efficiency of reversible
engines operating between a hot bath at absolute temperature and a
cold bath at temperature is equal to . Carnot
particularly considered air as a working fluid and small bath-temperature
differences. Plugging into Carnot's expression modern experimental values,
exact agreement with modern Thermodynamics is found. However, in a recently
published paper ["Sadi Carnot on Carnot's theorem", \textit{Am. J. Phys.}
\textbf{70}(1), 42-47, 2002], Guemez and others consider a "modified cycle"
involving two isobars that they mistakenly attribute to Carnot. They calculate
an efficiency considerably lower than and suggest that Carnot made
compensating errors. Our contention is that the Carnot theory is, to the
contrary, perfectly accurate.Comment: Submitted to American Journal of Physic
Statistics of non-interacting bosons and fermions in micro-canonical, canonical and grand-canonical ensembles: A survey
The statistical properties of non-interacting bosons and fermions confined in
trapping potentials are most easily obtained when the system may exchange
energy and particles with a large reservoir (grand-canonical ensemble). There
are circumstances, however, where the system under consideration may be
considered as being isolated (micro-canonical ensemble). This paper first
reviews results relating to micro-canonical ensembles. Some of them were
obtained a long time ago, particularly by Khinchin in 1950. Others were
obtained only recently, often motivated by experimental results relating to
atomic confinement. A number of formulas are reported for the first time in the
present paper. Formulas applicable to the case where the system may exchange
energy but not particles with a reservoir (canonical ensemble) are derived from
the micro-canonical ensemble expressions. The differences between the three
ensembles tend to vanish in the so-called Thermodynamics limit, that is, when
the number of particles and the volume go to infinity while the particle number
density remains constant. But we are mostly interested in systems of moderate
size, often referred to as being mesoscopic, where the grand-canonical
formalism is not applicable. The mathematical results rest primarily on the
enumeration of partitions of numbers.Comment: 18 pages, submitted to J. Phys.
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