The development of active front wheel steering system

This study deals with the use of Active Front Wheel Steering (AFWS) system in reducing the unwanted yaw motion cause by the side wind disturbance. The core of this study is the development of a control structure for AFWS system in a nine degree of freedoms full vehicle model, which consists of handling, ride and tyre model as to study the vehicle dynamic behavior in lateral axis. Validation with the CarSimEd software was conducted to identify the behaviour of the full car model when the steering input is given. Through a double lane change test, the results show that the developed full vehicle model and CarSimEd data are having a good agreement with acceptable error. Then, the control structure for the Active Front Wheel Steering system then developed on the validated full vehicle model to reduce the unwanted yaw motions after the side wind force is applied to the body of the vehicle. The proposed control structure for the AFWS system consists of two control loops, which named as the inner loop and outer loop controller. It consists of a serial feedback control which is operated based on the response of vehicle lateral position and yaw rate. Lastly, the controller is tested on the Hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HiLS) which will examine the effectiveness of the whole AFWS system. A collaboration between software and hardware in HiLS shows that the system can reduce the effect of the side wind disturbance in terms of lateral displacement error, body slip angle, yaw and yaw rate responses

Hardware in the Loop Simulation of Active Front Wheel Steering control for yaw disturbance rejection

This paper introduces an Active Front Wheel Steering (AFWS) control for the purpose of reducing unwanted yaw motion. Side wind forces are considered to be the sources of yaw disturbance in this study. The proposed control strategy for the AFWS is a lateral directional control with yaw rate feedback. The AFWS controller was implemented on Hardware in the Loop Simulation (HiLS) using an AFWS test rig. From the simulation and experimental results, AFWS control is able to perform the task of yaw disturbance attenuation by providing additional steering correction for maintaining the original direction of the vehicle. Keywords: active front wheel steering; side wind force; yaw cancellation; HiLS; vehicle safety

Deposit formation in the injector of a diesel engine fueled with higher blended palm biodiesel

Diesel injection nozzles are precisely machined in the micrometre order to produce a fine fuel spray that is crucial for the engine’s combustion and emission efficiency. This paper studies the deposition in a single-cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine fuel injector nozzle hole using higher blended biodiesel blends. Using B10 and B30, palm biodiesel blends in two separate engine runs, two sets of injectors are collected. The injectors are cross-sectioned to reveal the nozzle hole of the injectors. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), profilometer and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the injector hole surface are presented. The deposit structure is more precipitate type near the inlet and changes to multi-layered type near the outlet. The deposition in the fuel injector hole using a higher biodiesel percentage (B30) produce deposits with a bigger diameter as indicated by the 70% increase in average surface roughness than the deposition in the B10 injector hole

Performance Analysis Of Biodiesel Engine By Addition Of Hho Gas As A Secondary Fuel

Biodiesel, an alternative fuel similar to fossil-based diesel, has the advantages of carbon-neutral, high flash point and emit no carbon dioxide (CO2). HHO gas has been introduced to the automotive industry as a new energy source, a fuel supplement in an internal combustion engine (IC). This paper presents the performance and emissions of diesel engines powered by biodiesel with HHO gas as a fuel supplement. The biodiesel used is a mixture of biodiesel B20 and B30. The effect of adding HHO gas on biodiesel fuel is evaluated on engine performance and emissions before and after using HHO gas as a secondary fuel. The results show an increase in engine performance on the B20 is 14% and on the B30 is 14.63%. The observation on smoke produce of the tailpipe exhaust also drastically improved. Based on the results above, that the addition of HHO gas supplements to biodiesel fuel has a positive effect on improving engine performance and reducing emissions that are very significant so that it can improve environmental aspects when compared to the use of biodiesel without HHO ga

Assessment of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Waste’s Recycling Options into Value Added Green Products: A Review

Steel slag is one of the most common waste products from the steelmaking industry. Conventional methods of slag disposal can cause negative impacts on humans and the environment. In this paper, the process of steel and steel slag production, physical and chemical properties, and potential options of slag recycling were reviewed. Since steel is mainly produced through an electric arc furnace (EAF) in Malaysia, most of the recycling options reviewed in this paper focused on EAF slag and the strengths and weaknesses of each recycle option were outlined. Based on the reports from previous studies, it was found that only a portion of EAF slag is recycled into more straightforward, but lower added value applications such as aggregates for the construction industry and filter/absorber for wastewater treatments. On the other hand, higher added value recycling options for EAF slag that are more complicated such as incorporated as raw material for Portland cement and ceramic building materials remain at the laboratory testing stage. The main hurdle preventing EAF slag from being incorporated as a raw material for higher added value industrial applications is its inconsistent chemical composition. The chemical composition of EAF slag can vary based on the scrap metal used for steel production. For this, mineral separation techniques can be introduced to classify the EAF slag base on its physical and chemical compositions. We concluded that future research on recycling EAF slag should focus on separation techniques that diversify the recycling options for EAF slag, thereby increasing the waste product’s recycling rate