К проблеме демократизации правоохранительных структур

Данная статья посвящена вопросам демократизации и реорганизации правоохранительных структур. Автор статьи фокусирует внимание на актуальных проблемах правоохранительных органов, предлагает пути их эффективного разрешения.Ця стаття присвячена питанням демократизації та реорганізації правоохоронних структур. Автор статті фокусує увагу на актуальних проблемах правоохоронних органів, пропонує шляхи їх ефективного вирішення.This article is devoted to questions of democratization and reorganization of law-enforcement structures. Author of the article focuses attention on the actual problems of Law-enforcement bodies, offers ways of their solution

Real-Time Specification Inheritance Anomalies and Real-Time Filters

Real-time programs are, in general, difficult to design and verify. The inheritance mechanism can be useful in reusing well-defined and verified real-time programs. In applications developed by current real-time object-oriented languages, however, changing application requirements or changing real-time specifications in sub-classes may require excessive redefinitions although this seems to be intuitively unnecessary. We refer to this as the real-time specification inheritance anomaly. This paper introduces three kinds of real-time specification inheritance anomalies that one may experience while constructing object-oriented programs. As a solution to these anomalies, the concept of real-time composition filters is introduced. Filters affect the real-time characteristics of messages that are received or sent by an object. Through proper configuration of filters, one can specify real-time constraints, and reuse of these constraints without causing inheritance anomalies

Effects of sex and estrogen on chicken ductus arteriosus reactivity

Flinsenberg TWH, van der Sterren S, van Cleef ANH, Schuurman MJ, Agren P, Villamor E. Effects of sex and estrogen on chicken ductus arteriosus reactivity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 298: R1217-R1224, 2010. First published February 17, 2010; doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00839.2009.-Sex hormones have an important influence on cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology and sex differences in vascular reactivity have been widely demonstrated. In the present study we hypothesized 1) the presence of sexual dimorphism in chicken ductus arteriosus (DA) responsiveness to contractile and relaxant stimuli and 2) that estrogens are vasoactive in the chicken DA. In vitro contractions (assessed with a wire myograph) induced by normoxia, KCl, 4-aminopyridine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, U46619, or endothelin-1, as well as relaxations induced by ACh, sodium nitroprusside, BAY 41-2272, PGE2, isoproterenol, forskolin, Y-27632, and hydroxyfasudil were not significantly different between males and females. The estrogen 17 beta-estradiol elicited concentration-dependent relaxation of KCl-, phenylephrine, and oxygen-induced active tone in male and female chicken DA. The stereoisomer 17 alpha-estradiol showed lesser relaxant effects, and the selective estrogen receptor (ER) agonists 4,4',4 ''-(4-propyl-[H-1]pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)tris-phenol (ER alpha) and 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (ER alpha) did not show any effect. There were no sex differences in the responses to estrogen. Endothelium removal or the presence of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ, the K+ channel blockers tetraethylammonium, glibenclamide, and charybdotoxin, or the ER antagonist fulvestrant did not modify 17 beta-estradiol-induced relaxation. CaCl2 (30 mu M-10 mM) induced concentration-dependent contraction in DA rings depolarized by 62.5 mM KCl or stimulated with 21% O-2 in Ca2+-free medium. Preincubation with 17 beta-estradiol or the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine produced an inhibition of CaCl2-induced contractions. In conclusion, there are no sex-related differences in chicken DA reactivity. The estrogen 17 beta-estradiol induces an endothelium-independent relaxation of chicken DA that is not mediated by ER activation. This relaxant effect is, at least partially, due to inhibition of Ca2+ entry from extracellular space

Age-structural transition in Indonesia: a comparison of macro- and micro-level evidence

This paper responds to recent calls for empirical study of the impact of age-structural transition. It begins by reviewing evidence of cohort oscillations in 20th-century Indonesia, which indicates that current older generations are likely to have smaller numbers of children on whom they may rely than generations before and after them. To assess whether the imbalances implied by this situation are actually influencing people’s lives, however, requires attention to further factors shaping the availability and reliability of younger generations, notably differences in socio-economic status and in patterns of intergenerational support flows. Community-level Indonesian data confirm that elders in lower social strata are child poor. Social structural and family network patterns, however, have a greater influence on the availability of intergenerational support than cohort differential

Preserving fertility in young women undergoing chemotherapy for early breast cancer; the Maastricht experience

Purpose We assessed the uptake of fertility preservation (FP), recovery of ovarian function (OFR) after chemotherapy, live birth after breast cancer, and breast cancer outcomes in women with early-stage breast cancer. Methods Women aged below 41 years and referred to our center for FP counseling between 2008 and 2015 were included. Data on patient and tumor characteristics, ovarian function, cryopreservation (embryo/oocyte) and transfer, live birth, and disease-free survival were collected. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed for time-to-event analyses including competing risk analyses, and patients with versus without FP were compared using the logrank test. Results Of 118 counseled women with a median age of 31 years (range 19-40), 34 (29%) chose FP. Women who chose FP had less often children, more often a male partner and more often favorable tumor characteristics. The 5-year OFR rate was 92% for the total group of counseled patients. In total, 26 women gave birth. The 5-year live birth rate was 27% for the total group of counseled patients. Only three women applied for transfer of their cryopreserved embryo(s), in two combined with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) because of BRCA1-mutation carrier ship. The 5-year disease-free survival rate was 91% versus 88%, for patients with versus without FP (P = 0.42). Conclusions Remarkably, most women achieved OFR, probably related to the young age at diagnosis. Most pregnancies occurred spontaneously, two of three women applied for embryo transfer because of the opportunity to apply for PGD

Preserving fertility in young women undergoing chemotherapy for early breast cancer; the Maastricht experience

Purpose We assessed the uptake of fertility preservation (FP), recovery of ovarian function (OFR) after chemotherapy, live birth after breast cancer, and breast cancer outcomes in women with early-stage breast cancer. Methods Women aged below 41 years and referred to our center for FP counseling between 2008 and 2015 were included. Data on patient and tumor characteristics, ovarian function, cryopreservation (embryo/oocyte) and transfer, live birth, and disease-free survival were collected. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed for time-to-event analyses including competing risk analyses, and patients with versus without FP were compared using the logrank test. Results Of 118 counseled women with a median age of 31 years (range 19-40), 34 (29%) chose FP. Women who chose FP had less often children, more often a male partner and more often favorable tumor characteristics. The 5-year OFR rate was 92% for the total group of counseled patients. In total, 26 women gave birth. The 5-year live birth rate was 27% for the total group of counseled patients. Only three women applied for transfer of their cryopreserved embryo(s), in two combined with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) because of BRCA1-mutation carrier ship. The 5-year disease-free survival rate was 91% versus 88%, for patients with versus without FP (P = 0.42). Conclusions Remarkably, most women achieved OFR, probably related to the young age at diagnosis. Most pregnancies occurred spontaneously, two of three women applied for embryo transfer because of the opportunity to apply for PGD