Prevention of cisplatin-induced hearing loss in children: achievements and challenges for evidence-based implementation of sodium Thiosulfate

Ototoxicity is a devastating direct, irreversible side effect of platinum use in children with cancer, with its consequent effect on speech, language and social development, quality of life and adult productivity. Cisplatin, an essential chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of solid tumors in children, is a DNA cross-linking agent. Which causes hearing loss in 50-70% of cisplatin treated children. Fortunately, to prevent hearing loss, sodium thiosulfate (STS), which binds to cisplatin, and reduces the superoxides in both tumor and outer hair cells of the cochlea has now been discovered to be an effective and safe otoprotectant if administered correctly. The aim of this perspective paper is to explore the key safety issues and challenges important for pediatric oncologists and pharmacists when considering the clinical use of STS as an otoprotectant for children and adolescents receiving cisplatin. These include: the choice of the formulation; the timing, both that of the STS in relation to cisplatin as well as the timing of the cisplatin infusion itself; the dosing; the challenge left by the definition of localized versus disseminated disease and the difference in indication for STS, between cisplatin treated patients and those receiving another platinum chemotherapeutic agent, carboplatin

The utility of a portable muscle ultrasound in the assessment of muscle alterations in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Background:During treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), children are prone to musculoskeletal deterioration. However, non-invasive tools to measure muscle mass and intramuscular alterations are limited. In this study we explored the feasibility of muscle ultrasound in children with ALL. Additionally, we analysed whether automated ultrasound outcomes of muscle size and intramuscular fat infiltration (IMAT) were associated with appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), muscle strength and physical performance. Methods: Children with ALL, aged 3–18 years were included during maintenance therapy. Bilateral images of the rectus femoris muscle were captured using a portable linear array transducer connected to a tablet. Subsequently, an automated image annotation software (MuscleSound) was used to estimate cross-sectional area, muscle thickness and IMAT. Feasibility was assessed using acceptance (percentage of children approached who were enrolled), practicality (percentage of children that completed the ultrasound measurement after enrolment) and implementation (percentage of children that had sufficient imaging to be processed and analysed by the software). Assessments of ASMM by bioimpedance analysis, muscle strength using handheld dynamometry and timed physical performance tests were administered at the same visit. Multivariable linear models were estimated to study the associations between muscle ultrasound outcomes and ASMM, strength and physical performance, adjusted for sex, age, body mass index and ALL treatment week. Results: Muscle ultrasound was performed in 60 out of 73 invited patients (76.9%), of which 37 were boys (61.7%), and median age was 6.1 years (range: 3–18.8 years). The acceptance was 98.7%, practicality 77.9% and implementation was 100%. Patients who refused the examination (n = 13) were younger (median: 3.6, range: 3–11.2 years) compared with the 60 examined children (P = 0.0009). In multivariable models, cross-sectional area was associated with ASMM (β = 0.49 Z-score, 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.3,2.4), knee-extension strength (β = 16.9 Newton [N], 95% CI: 4.8, 28.9), walking performance (β = −0.46 s, 95% CI: −0.75, −0.18) and rising from the floor (β = −1.07 s, 95% CI: −1.71, −0.42). Muscle thickness was associated with ASMM (β = 0.14 Z-score, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.24), knee-extension strength (β = 4.73 N, 95% CI: 0.99, 8.47), walking performance (β = −0.13 s, 95% CI: −0.22, −0.04) and rising from the floor (β = −0.28 s, 95% CI: −0.48, −0.08). IMAT was associated with knee-extension strength (β = −6.84 N, 95% CI: −12.26, −1.41), walking performance (β = 0.2 s, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.32) and rising from the floor (β = 0.54 s, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.8). None of the muscle ultrasound outcomes was associated with handgrip strength. Conclusions: Portable muscle ultrasound appears a feasible and useful tool to measure muscle size and intramuscular alterations in children with ALL. Validation studies using magnetic resonance imaging (gold standard) are necessary to confirm accuracy in paediatric populations.</p

Topotecan distribution in an anephric infant with therapy resistant bilateral Wilms tumor with a novel germline WT1 gene mutation

The therapeutic strategy for bilateral Wilms tumor (WT) remains a challenge. Especially in cases with chemotherapy resistant disease, bilateral nephrectomy is sometimes inevitable. For optimal cure rates stage V WT patients benefit from adjuvant treatment; however, there are limited data available on chemotherapy pharmacokinetics in anephric children. In this report, we describe a 10-month old girl with bilateral Wilms tumor and a novel germline WT1 gene mutation. This patient hardly showed any response on preoperative chemotherapy, and ultimately, underwent sequential bilateral tumor-nephrectomy. Subsequently, during peritoneal dialysis, she received topotecan as adjuvant chemotherapy based on plasma levels, indicating that this is a reasonable option as adjuvant treatment in therapy-resistant Wilms tumor patients after bilateral nephrectomy. This case showed a novel germline WT1 gene mutation of which the correlation with resistant phenotype has to be confirmed in larger cohorts of WT patients

Study protocol: DexaDays-2, hydrocortisone for treatment of dexamethasone-induced neurobehavioral side effects in pediatric leukemia patients: a double-blind placebo controlled randomized intervention study with cross-over design

Background: Dexamethasone, a highly effective drug in treating pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), can induce serious neurobehavioral side effects. These side effects are experienced by patients and parents as detrimental with respect to health related quality of life (HRQoL). Based on previous studies, it has been suggested that neurobehavioral side effects are associated to cortisol depletion of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the brain. Our previously reported randomized controlled trial, the Dexadagen study (NTR3280), suggests that physiological hydrocortisone addition during dexamethasone treatment may overcome clinically relevant neurobehavioral problems in patients who experience these problems during dexamethasone treatment. With our current study, we aim to replicate these results in a targeted larger sample before further implementing this intervention into standard of care.Methods: In a national center setting, pediatric ALL patients between 3 and 18 years are enrolled in an Identification study, which identifies patients with clinically relevant dexamethasone-induced neurobehavioral side effects using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Contributing factors, such as genetic susceptibility, dexamethasone pharmacokinetics as well as psychosocial and family factors are studied to determine their influence in the inter-patient variability for developing dexamethasone-induced neurobehavioral side effects.Patients with clinically relevant problems (i.e. a rise of >= 5 points on the SDQ Total Difficulties Score after 5 days of dexamethasone) are subsequently included in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with a cross-over design. They receive two courses placebo followed by two courses hydrocortisone during dexamethasone treatment, or vice versa, each time at least 16 days without study medication in between. The primary endpoint is change in SDQ score. The secondary endpoints are sleep (measured with actigraphy and the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children) and HRQoL (Pediatric Quality of Life Questionnaire).Discussion: The results of our current study may contribute to the management of future ALL patients who experience dexamethasone-induced neuropsychological problems as it may improve HRQoL for patients who suffer most from dexamethasone-induced neurobehavioral side effects. Furthermore, by investigating multiple risk factors that could be related to inter-patient variability in developing these side effects, we might be able to identify and treat patients who are at risk earlier during treatment.Analysis and Stochastic

Physical frailty deteriorates after a 5-day dexamethasone course in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, results of a national prospective study

Background: Dexamethasone is important in the treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) but induces muscle atrophy with negative consequences for muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional abilities. The aim of this study was to establish the effect of a dexamethasone course on sarcopenia and physical frailty in children with ALL, and to explore prognostic factors. Methods: Patients with ALL aged 3–18 years were included during maintenance therapy. Patients had a sarcopenia/frailty assessment on the first day of (T1) and on the day after (T2) a 5-day dexamethasone course. Sarcopenia was defined as low muscle strength in combination with low muscle mass. Prefrailty and frailty were defined as having two or ≥three of the following components, respectively: low muscle mass, low muscle strength, fatigue, slow walking speed, and low physical activity. Chi-squared and paired t-tests were used to assess differences between T1 and T2. Logistic regression models were estimated to explore patient- and therapy-related prognostic factors for frailty on T2. Results: We included 105 patients, 61% were boys. Median age was 5.3 years (range: 3–18.8). At T1, sarcopenia, prefrailty, and frailty were observed in respectively 2.8%, 23.5%, and 4.2% of patients. At T2, the amount of patients with frailty had increased to 17.7% (p = 0.002), whereas the number of patients with sarcopenia and prefrailty remained similar. Higher ASMM (odds ratio [OR]: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28–0.83), stronger handgrip strength (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.22–0.77) and more physical activity minutes per day (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–0.99) decreased the risk of frailty at T2. Slower walking performance (OR: 2, 95% CI: 1.2–3.39) increased the risk. Fatigue levels at T1 were not associated with frailty at T2. Conclusion: Physical frailty increased strikingly after a 5-days dexamethasone course in children with ALL. Children with poor physical state at start of the dexamethasone course were more likely to be frail after the course.</p

PICU mortality of children with cancer admitted to pediatric intensive care unit : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Outcomes for children diagnosed with cancer have improved dramatically over the past 20 years. However, although 40% of pediatric cancer patients require at least one intensive care admission throughout their disease course, PICU outcomes and resource utilization by this population have not been rigorously studied in this specific group. Methods: Using a systematic strategy, we searched Medline, Embase, and CINAHL databases for articles describing PICU mortality of pediatric cancer patients admitted to PICU. Two investigators independently applied eligibility criteria, assessed data quality, and extracted data. We pooled PICU mortality estimates using random-effects models and examined mortality trends over time using meta-regression models. Results: Out of 1218 identified manuscripts, 31 studies were included covering 16,853 PICU admissions with the majority being retrospective in nature. Overall pooled weighted mortality was 27.8% (95% confidence interval (CI), 23.7-31.9%). Mortality decreased slightly over time when post-operative patients were excluded. The use of mechanical ventilation (odds ratio (OR): 18.49 [95% CI 13.79-24.78], p < 0.001), inotropic support (OR: 14.05 [95% CI 9.16-21.57], p < 0.001), or continuous renal replacement therapy (OR: 3.24 [95% CI 1.31-8.04], p = 0.01) was significantly associated with PICU mortality. Conclusions: PICU mortality rates of pediatric cancer patients are far higher when compared to current mortality rates of the general PICU population. PICU mortality has remained relatively unchanged over the past decades, a slight decrease was only seen when post-operative patients were excluded. This compared infavorably with the improved mortality seen in adults with cancer admitted to ICU, where research-led improvements have led to the paradigm of unlimited, aggressive ICU management without any limitations on resuscitations status, for a time-limited trial

t(2;11)(q33;q23) KMT2A/ABI2

Review on t(2;11)(q33;q23) with the gene fusion KMT2A/ABI