The functional ability and health related quality of life of survivors of critical iliness after hospital discharge

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physiotherapy Johannesburg, 2016Background: Critically ill patients face physical, psychological, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) problems. Factors relating to the intensive care unit (ICU) stay of a critically ill patient may affect a patient’s HRQOL after discharge from hospital and may include the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis, prolonged length of mechanical ventilation (MV) and prolonged periods of immobility. Organ dysfunction and multiple organ failure (MOF) influence a patient’s QOL after hospital discharge. The presence of chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus (DM), and obesity may also contribute to the development of and severity of critical illness. Survivors of critical illness may be confronted with major problems during their recovery from critical illness. Limited South African data is available regarding the QOL of survivors of critical illness and limited research evidence is available to support rehabilitation services for this population after hospital discharge.The population of South Africa is a complex society and therefore has its own unique challenges that patients may face on a daily basis after a period of critical illness. These challenges may result in patients experiencing functional problems and a reduced HRQOL after critical illness. The aim of this study was to determine the functional ability and HRQOL of survivors of critical illness when assessed in the first six months after discharge from hospitals in South Gauteng. Methods: A prospective, observational, and longitudinal study was conducted using patients, who met the inclusion criteria for the study, in the ICU’s of a private hospital in Johannesburg. The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) and simplified acute physiology score II (SAPS II) were calculated and recorded for enrolled participants, as well as duration of MV, ICU length of stay (LOS) and hospital LOS. The physical function in ICU test scored (PFIT-s) was performed at the time of discharge from ICU and repeated at discharge from hospital. At one and six months after discharge from hospital, participants’ peripheral muscle strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer (HHD), exercise endurance was assessed using the six minute walking test (6MWT), and participants completed the short form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire, EuroQol Group 5 dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire, patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and recent physical activity questionnaire (RPAQ). Results and Discussion: Twenty-four participants were enrolled into the study. The mean age was 51 (± 13.8) years, the majority were male (n=19, 79.2%), and most participants were employed (n=20, 83.3%) prior to the onset of critical illness. Half of the participants in this study presented with pre-existing disease prior to critical illness (n=12; 50%). Majority of participants underwent surgical interventions (n=19, 79.2%) which led to ICU admission and half of participants (n=12, 50%) reported having pre-morbid disease. All participants in the current study received physiotherapy treatment for the duration of their hospital stay. A significant change between mean PFIT-s interval scores (p=0.02) at ICU discharge and hospital discharge was found with a 0.4 points (± 0.7) change in interval scores. This change was not clinically significant, suggesting that not all the rehabilitation needs of these participants, who were recovering from critical illness, were met before their discharge from hospital. The increase in median 6MWT distance achieved was 65 meters, this being of clinical significance. There was no significant change in mean 6MWT distance achieved (53 meters ± 74.9).The limited mean distances that participants in this study were able to achieve during the 6MWT suggests that their endurance is impaired, which may impact their ability to perform activities of daily living. A marginally significant relationship was found between 6MWT distance at one month follow-up and SF-36 mental component score (MCS) at six months (p=0.05). Significant mean changes in peripheral muscle strength over six months after discharge were observed for right-sided (dominant side in all participants) elbow flexion (17.3 ±15.7, p=0.00), elbow extension (32.6 ± 37, p=0.02), hip abduction (53.4 ± 52.3, p=0.01), knee extension (59.9 ± 40.3, p=0.00), knee flexion (42.4 ± 31.3, p=0.00) and ankle dorsiflexion (29.9 ± 36.9, p=0.02), left-sided hip abduction (36.4 ± 45.2, p=0.02), knee flexion (40 ± 43.3, p=0.01), and ankle dorsiflexion (43.3 ± 48.1, p=0.03). The fact that majority of participants in this study lived alone may account for the improvements in muscle strength observed as they would be dependent on themselves for performing daily activities.The median PHQ-9 score showed an improvement of 2 points between one month and six months follow-up. A significant change in mean SF-36 physical component score (PCS) of 8.8 points (± 7.6, p=0.00) was observed over the six months period. This relates to improvements in the physical domain of HRQOL over the first six months after discharge from hospital following critical illness. The significant improvement in HRQOL related to PCS in the current study may be due to the fact that most participants lived alone and were self-dependent for daily activities even though they had some form of support from family and friends, and some of them had also returned to work by six months following discharge. Participants in the current study had several co-morbidities which may also have contributed to the lower observed mean PCS scores at six months. Significant changes in mean SF-36 domain scores were observed over six months for the role physical (RP) (p=0.00), bodily pain (BP) (p=0.05), general health (GH) (p=0.00), vitality (VT) (p=0.01) and the social functional (SF) (p=0.00). A significant mean change of 14.6 points (± 9.7) in EQ-5D visual analogue scale (VAS) scores was observed over six months after discharge. Participants’ abilities to mobilise, care for themselves and participate in usual activities (measured using the EQ-5D) improved over time as they continued to recover from critical illness. Large reduction in level of pain and discomfort experienced at six months as measured with the EQ-5D questionnaire may be due to wound healing that took place as the majority of participants underwent surgery. A significant relationship was found between the SF-36 PCS at one month follow-up and severity of illness (SAPS II) scores.Very weak and weak relationships were found between the SF-36 PCS and APACHE II scores (r=0.036) and SAPS II scores (r= 0.31) and moderate strength relationships were found between SF-36 PCS and PHQ-9 scores (r= -0.49) and 6MWT distance (r= 0.54) at six months follow-up. None of these relationships were statistically significant. Moderate strength negative relationships which were statistically significant, were identified between the SF-36 MCS and ICU LOS (r= -0.56; p=0.04) and hospital LOS (r= -0.56; p=0.04) at six month follow-up. A strong negative relationship was found between the SF-36 MCS at six months follow-up and duration of MV which was statistically significant (r= -0.7; p= 0.01). A strong negative relationship was found between SF-36 MCS scores and PHQ-9 scores at six months after discharge from hospital which was statistically significant (r= -0.72; p= 0.01). The main reasons reported by participants for not returning to work were pensioner status and physical weakness; however, at six months more than half of participants had returned to employment. The presence of depressive disorders did not directly influence return to work. The relatively good return to work rate observed may be attributed to the significant increases in muscle strength and PCS observed as well as the reduction in problems reported in relation to mobility, self-care, pain or discomfort and participation in usual activities over the first six months following discharge. Length of MV, SF-36 MCS and SF-36 PCS scores had no statistically significant relationship with exercise endurance at six months after hospital discharge. Limitations to this study include the small sample size and high drop-out rates. Conclusion: Survivors of critical illness in Gauteng province suffered from limitations in functional abilities at ICU discharge and improvements observed at hospital discharge were not clinically significant. Even though peripheral muscle strength improved significantly for participants in the six months following discharge, they still presented with limitations in exercise endurance. Significant improvements were observed in QOL related to physical functioning but little improvements were observed for QOL related to mental health. Some participants presented with symptoms of depression. More than half of participants returned to employment by six months following discharge. Findings from this study suggest that survivors of critical illness don’t recover fully on their own after an episode of acute illness. These results should be used to motivate for implementation of structured rehabilitation programmes, including counselling, to aid the physical, emotional and mental recovery of survivors of critical illness in the long term after hospital discharge.MT201

A journey into causes of corporate misbehaviour:Why corporate legal disciplines and regulation need to be structurally reformed

Corporations are the most powerful economic entities in contemporary society. The main finding in this thesis is that existing regulatory approaches in corporate law, corporate governance and corporate social responsibility are methodologically suboptimal and politically biased. Their continued use entrenches corporate power and undermines our ability to properly deal with the social, economic and environmental effects of corporate misbehaviour. This conclusion draws on insights from twelve disciplines: law, political economics, economics, psychology, anthropology, management studies, sociology, political science, criminology, theology, media studies and philosophy. The resolution of global crises such as climate change, biodiversity loss and inequality requires us to urgently reform corporate law, corporate governance and corporate social responsibility. The reform chapter outlines how such an overhaul can be achieved without fundamental shocks to the economy

The mix matters:Complex personal networks relate to higher cognitive functioning in old age

Stronger engagement of older adults in social activities and greater embeddedness in networks is often argued to buffer cognitive decline and lower risks of dementia. One of the explanations is that interaction with other people trains the brain, thereby enhancing cognitive functioning. However, research on the relationship between personal networks and cognitive functioning is not yet conclusive. While previous studies have focused on the size of personal networks as a proxy of cognitive stimulation, little attention has been paid to the complexity of the personal network. Adults embedded in a broad range of network relationships (i.e., various relationship types) are likely to be exposed to a wider range of stimuli than adults embedded in a homogeneous network including similar relationship types. We expect that higher numbers of personal relationship types rather than a higher number of similar contacts relate to higher levels of cognitive functioning and slower cognitive decline. Data are from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) and include 2959 Dutch participants aged 54 to 85 at baseline in 1992 and six follow-ups covering a time span of twenty years. Cognitive functioning is assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and for network complexity we use the Social Network Index. We test our expectations using fixed-effects regression models. The results reveal that a reduction in network complexity is associated with a reduction in cognitive functioning, which is neither explained by size of the network nor by presence of specific relationship types. However, enhanced complexity has only a marginal buffering effect on decline in cognitive functioning. We conclude that network characteristics and cognitive functioning are intertwined and that their association is mostly cross-sectional in nature. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

A Systematic Review of Web Usage Mining Techniques and Future Research Options

Web usage mining, “WUM”, is an application of data mining techniques on web log data used to understand the who, what, why, and how of website users. Through this systematic review, we review the research of WUM techniques from 2014 - 2019 in order to understand the current state of WUM research and answer our research questions; (RQ1) what data sources are used in web usage mining, (RQ2) what data analysis methods are used to extract the knowledge, (RQ3) what are the applications of Web usage mining, and (RQ4) what future research can be done in the web usage mining area? Using a PRISMA approach to narrow the initial 778 search results, we completed a full analysis of 68 unique articles from four prominent IS databases. The article analysis showed WUM research is on the decline and revealed Personalization and Recommender Systems are the two most heavily researched WUM applications

Diversity in older adults’ care networks: the added value of individual beliefs and social network proximity

Objectives: Policy reforms in long-term care require an increased share of informal caregivers in elderly care. This may be more feasible for older adults who (believe they) can organize the care themselves and have a local social network. This study describes care network types, how they vary in the share of informal caregivers, and examines associations with characteristics of community-dwelling older adults, including individual beliefs and network proximity. Method: Latent class analyses were applied to a subsample of older care receivers (N = 491) from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, in order to identify homogeneous subgroups of people with similar care networks. Multinomial regression analysis explored associations between network type and care receiver characteristics. Results: Privately paid, coresidential, large informal, and publicly paid care network types were distinguished. Variation in informal care appeared mostly related to health, partner status, income, and proximity of children. Proximity of other potential informal caregivers did not affect the network type. Perceived control of care was highest in the privately paid network. Discussion: The results suggest that local (non-)kin could be mobilized more often in coresidential networks. Increasing informal or alternative care in publicly paid networks is less likely, due to limited social and financial resources