Analisis Peningkatan Kesempatan Kerja Di Indonesia

The problems of labor have influenced of many factors as such global market,regulation and goverment policy. Indicators of labor that a number used up till now were considered have some weakness. The result of this analysis was indicated the presents of sector performance variation and labor change viewed according to economic sectors. The demographic pressure to labor supply can be describe that population grow 1,7 percent per year at 2000-2005 period. Estimated the number higher that population grow of the time 2000-2005 is 1,3 percent per year and 2005-2009 is 1,1 percent per year. Many labor policy can be implemented to development and improve the skill and knowledge. A lot of the labor problems is multidimention properties can be solve by multidimention approaches. A number of external and internal factors of labor were also showed the various effect based on the many sectors. Therefore, to improve capacity of each sector will be needed policy intervention which to take care of the such as variation

Analisis Ekonomi Dan Sektor Unggulan Untuk Pengembangan Halmahera Tengah

This study is conducted in 2008, is one part of the Spatial Planning of CentralHalmahera years 2009-2019. The analytical method used is the shift share and the location quotient. The data analyzed is the Gross Regional Domestic Product from Central Halmahera regency and North Maluku province. Shift share analysis results show that the economy of Central Halmahera grows faster that of the province of North Maluku. However economic growth was shifted from mining and quarrying sector to the agricultural sector. While the leading sector in Central Halmahera regency as still in the mining and quarrying sector, agricultural sector, and commerce and services sector

Kandungan Unsur Tanah Jarang di Perairan Kampar, Riau

Makalah ini membahas tentang sebaran dan kandungan unsur tanah jarang, di Perairan dan pantai Kuala Kampar baik dalam sedimen permukaan maupun di bawah permukaan. Untuk mengetahui dan memahami sebaran unsur tanah jarang di daerah selidikan, empat puluh lima contoh sedimen telah dilakukan analisis unsur tanah jarang. Berdasarkan analisis REE, maka unsur tanah jarang di Perairan Kuala Kampar dan sekitarnya terdiri dari Thantalum (Ta), Neobium (Nb), Zirkonium (Zr) Ytrium (Y) Zirkonium ditemukan dalam seluruh contoh yang dilakukan analisa kimia.. Dalam percontoh sedimen permukaan dasar laut sebaran zirkonium mempunyai kandungan antara 2,8 ppm -130 ppm. Sedangkan dibawah permukaan sedimen dasar laut berdasarkan data bor zirkonium ditemukan dengan kandungan antara 20,1 ppm - 75 ppm. Ytrium ditemukan pada seluruh contoh yang dianalisis kimia. Pada sedimen permukaan dasar laut sebaran ytrium mempunyai kandungan antara 4,1 ppm -39,3 ppm. Sedangkan dibawah permukaan sedimen dasar laut dari data bor ytrium ditemukan dengan kandungan antara 8,6 ppm - 17 ppm. Neobium ditemukan pada 33 percontoh yang dianalisa kimia dengan kandungan antara 0,06 ppm - 15,3 ppm dalam sedimen permukaan dasar laut perairan Kuala Kampar.dengan kandungan tertinggi pada MKP-69 (15,3) ppm. Dari contoh bor neobium ditemukan dalam BH-2 kedalaman bor (11-12m) 5,5 ppm dan BH-3 kandungan kisaran antara 2,6 ppm - 6,9 ppm Thantalum ditemukan dalam 23 percontoh yang dianalisa kimia dengan kandungan antara 1,43 ppm dan 19,3 ppm dengan kandungan tertinggi pada MKP-69. Dari contoh bor (BH-1, BH-2 and BH-3) thantalum tidak ditemukan. Unsur tanah jarang kebanyakan terdapat pada sedimen dasar laut pasir, pasir lanauan dan lanau pasiran. The paper describes distribution and rare earth element contents in surface and sub surface sediments of Kuala Kampar waters area. To find out the distribution of rare earth element in the study area, forty-five samples have been analysed. According to REE analysis the sediments in Kuala Kampar area consist of Thantalum (Ta), Neobium (Nb), Zirconium (Zr) and Ytrium (Y). Zirconium found in all samples of surficial sea bottom sediment. Zirconium content ranged between 2,8 ppm and130 ppm. On the other hand subsurface seabottom sediment from core data shows zirconium content between 20,1 ppm and 75 ppm. Ytrium found in all samples analysed and the content range between 4,1 ppm and 39,3 ppm, while from core data ytrium content between 8,6 ppm and 17 ppm. Neobium found in thirtythree samples chemically analysed, the content range between 0,06 ppm and 15,3 ppm, where the highest content occur in MKP-69. From the core neobium found.in BH-2 core data (11 m - 12m) 5,5 ppm and BH-3 the content range between 2,6 ppm and 6,9 ppm. Thantalum found in 23 samples and the content range between 1,43 ppm and 19,30 ppm, where the highest content occur in MKP-69. From the core (BH-1, BH-2 and BH-3) thantalum is not found Most of Rare earth element generally found in sea bottom sediment: sand, silty sand and sandy silt

Multimedia Quality About Risk Dating as A Youth Health Promotion Media

Background: feeling of liking or being attracted to the opposite sex is often expressed by the term dating. The impact of dating leads to deviant activities such as risky dating. It is important for teenagers to know about risky dating through health promotion activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of multimedia about risky courtship as a medium for adolescent health promotion. Methods: This type of research uses experimental research using an approach R & D. This research method is the assessment of material experts, media experts and small group sample trials with a total of 15 respondents. The research instrument was an open questionnaire which was filled out by the respondents. The analysis used in this study used univariate analysis. Results: Multimedia about risky dating as a health promotion media is said to be feasible by material experts with an average score of 54.33; said to be feasible by media experts with an average score of 50.33 and said to be feasible by users with an average score of 31.13. Conclusion: Multimedia about risky courtship is said to be suitable for use as a media for adolescent health promotion

Upaya menurunkan penggunaan antibiotika pada pengobatan ispa melalui Diskusi kelompok kecil paramedis puskesmas di Kabupaten Bantul = Reducing antibiotic overuse with acute respiratory tract infections utilizing a ...

Background: Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARI) is the leading cause of child morbidity and mortality in Indonesia, and accounted for 40-60% of patients visiting health facilities. Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG) for ARI in health center level has been developed by the Ministry of Health since 1983, and in 1991 a flowchart of ARI diagnosis and treatment has been provided for all health centers in Indonesia. Unfortunately, there was no training or supervision conducted following the distribution of the STG and flowchart on ARI. The excessive use of antibiotic used in the treatment of ARI in health centers showed that health centers paramedics rarely followed the STG and flowchart. This study, conducted education intervention in the form of small group discussion (SGD), as an effort to reduce antibiotic use in the treatment of ARI given by health center paramedics. Method: This study was conducted using pre-post design with control group and randomization. The study setting was Bantu] district. Eighteen health centers were selected, where 6 health centers underwent small group discussion and 2 feedbacks in 2 consecutive months, 6 health centers underwent small group discussion without feedback, and 6 health centers acted as control. Small Group Discussion was conducted in each health center in intervention group, and participants consisted of 7-9 paramedics, with one paramedic acted as facilitator, and the health center doctor acted as a resource person. Prescribing practice was observed by conducting survey on paramedics\u27 prescriptions on: three months before intervention, post-SGD, post-feedback\u27, and post-feedback.2 Prescriptions taken must had ARI as a single diagnosis, for under five and adult patients. One hundred prescriptions were taken from each health center each month. Data was analyzed using t-test and ANOVA. Result: Study result showed that the group underwent SGD followed by feedback has reduced their antibiotic use for ARI from 49.5% before intervention to 29.2% (40.9%). In the group who underwent SGD without feedback, antibiotic use for ARI reduced from 75.1% before intervention to 57.1% after intervention (28.2%). In the control group, antibiotic use in ARI patients was not reduced. The anova statistical test showed that there was no significant difference between the groups who underwent SGD with feedback and the group who underwent SGD without feedback. Conclusion: It is concluded that education intervention using SGD either with or without feedback reduces antibiotic use in ARI treatment. We suggest continuing the evaluation to find out whether the reduced antibiotic use in ARI treatment can be sustained. Practical guidelines on how to conduct such intervention will be needed for replication of this intervention in larger population. This kind of intervention may also be developed for other health problem besides ARI. Keywords: acute respiratory tract infections, small-group discussion, and feedbac

KEY FACTORS FOR SUSTAINABLE RATIONAL USE OF MEDICINE PROGRAM IN GUNUNGKIDUL AND SLEMAN DISTRICTS, INDONESIA

 Objective: Many of the rational use of medicines (RUM) interventions have been proven effective in improving medicine use, but the impacts were usually not sustainable for longer period of time. Gunungkidul and Sleman Districts of Indonesia have succeeded in implementing RUM program for more than two decades. This is considered rare, and therefore, it is important to identify factors contributing to the success. Methods: This is a single case study with non-experimental exploratory design. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected integratively to obtain information concerning the indicators and the process of RUM implementation. Quantitative data were collected in reference to the World Health Organization (WHO) 1993 RUM indicators, including average number of medicines per prescription (polypharmacy), percentage of patients receiving antibiotics, and percentage of patients receiving injections. Qualitative data were analyzed descriptively and were arranged chronologically in respective to each district. Results: Implementation of RUM in the two districts has successfully lasted up to 20 years. The annual medicine use indicators from 1994 to 2014 in Gunungkidul District show that polypharmacy decreased from 4.2 to 2.89, percentage patients receiving injections declined from 68.05% to 0%, and percentage of patients receiving antibiotics improved from 52.1% to 24.1%. The same indicators in Sleman District show that, between 1998 and 2014, polypharmacy remained stable at 3, percentage of patients receiving injections declined from 4.9% to 0.18%, and percentage of patients receiving antibiotics improved from 44.31% to 20%. Culturization of RUM program is the main key for sustainable impacts. Another important key is the high commitment of health policymakers to implement the principles of evidence-based treatment. Conclusions: The culturization of RUM program followed by continuous monitoring and evaluation by district health managers were the key factors to maintain the impact of the intervention

KEY FACTORS FOR SUSTAINABLE RATIONAL USE OF MEDICINE PROGRAM IN GUNUNGKIDUL AND SLEMAN DISTRICTS, INDONESIA

 Objective: Many of the rational use of medicines (RUM) interventions have been proven effective in improving medicine use, but the impacts were usually not sustainable for longer period of time. Gunungkidul and Sleman Districts of Indonesia have succeeded in implementing RUM program for more than two decades. This is considered rare, and therefore, it is important to identify factors contributing to the success. Methods: This is a single case study with non-experimental exploratory design. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected integratively to obtain information concerning the indicators and the process of RUM implementation. Quantitative data were collected in reference to the World Health Organization (WHO) 1993 RUM indicators, including average number of medicines per prescription (polypharmacy), percentage of patients receiving antibiotics, and percentage of patients receiving injections. Qualitative data were analyzed descriptively and were arranged chronologically in respective to each district. Results: Implementation of RUM in the two districts has successfully lasted up to 20 years. The annual medicine use indicators from 1994 to 2014 in Gunungkidul District show that polypharmacy decreased from 4.2 to 2.89, percentage patients receiving injections declined from 68.05% to 0%, and percentage of patients receiving antibiotics improved from 52.1% to 24.1%. The same indicators in Sleman District show that, between 1998 and 2014, polypharmacy remained stable at 3, percentage of patients receiving injections declined from 4.9% to 0.18%, and percentage of patients receiving antibiotics improved from 44.31% to 20%. Culturization of RUM program is the main key for sustainable impacts. Another important key is the high commitment of health policymakers to implement the principles of evidence-based treatment. Conclusions: The culturization of RUM program followed by continuous monitoring and evaluation by district health managers were the key factors to maintain the impact of the intervention

Interactional group discussion: Results of a controlled trial using a behavioral intervention to reduce the use of injections in public health facilities

Injections are commonly overused in Indonesia. More than 60% of patients attending public health facilities receive at least one injection, which increases clinical risk and has adverse economic impact. This study assesses the efficacy of an innovative behavioral intervention, the Interactional Group Discussion (IGD), for reducing the overuse of injections. This study was a controlled trial in a single district with 24 public health centers randomized to intervention and control groups. Prescribers in the intervention group were invited to one IGD, each of which consisted of 6 prescribers and 6 patients; a total of 24 IGDs were held in a 4-week period, and all invited prescribers participated. The groups, which lasted 90-120 minutes, were facilitated by a behavioral scientist and a clinician, who also served as a scientific resource person. The hypothesized mechanism of behavior change involved reality testing prescribers' assumptions about patient beliefs, imparting scientific information about injection efficacy, and establishing peer norms about correct behavior. Outcomes were measured by a retrospective prescribing survey covering the periods 3 months before and 3 months after the intervention, with samples of 100 prescriptions per center per month. Rates of injection and average number of drugs per prescription were computed separately for each center, and t-tests were used to compare pre-post changes in outcomes in both groups. Results showed a significant decrease in injection use from 69.5 to 42.3% in the intervention group, compared to a decrease from 75.6 to 67.1% among controls [- 18.7.0% intervention vs control, 95% CI = (-31.1%, -6.4%), P