Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on the Excretory Function of the Liver

Diabetes mellitus is an internationally recognized health problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. However, the most significant increase in prevalence is expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most patients will be found by 2030. Diabetic Mellitus is a clinical and metabolic syndrome characterized by abnormal carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia, increased protein breakdown, Ketosis or acidosis due to absolute or relative deficiency, and insulin resistance, thereby leading to vascular complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. This study evaluated the levels of plasma bilirubin, ALP, and GGT among diabetic patients. A total of eighty (80) individuals were recruited for the study comprising of forty (40) diabetes patients with age range 25-80 years and forty (40) control subjects with the age range of 20-30 years in Irrua/Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. The study was carried out within six months (December 2018 - May 2019). All patients were diabetes. The serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total and conjugated bilirubin were assayed by spectrophotometric method, and the data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 software. Serum levels of ALP, GGT, Total and unconjugated bilirubin were significantly elevated (P<0.05) among diabetes patients than control subjects except for conjugated bilirubin which was lower (P>0.05)  when compared with that of the control subjects. The mean serum levels of  ALP, GGT, total, unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin of male diabetes patients were non statistically significant (P>0.05) when compared with female diabetes subjects except the age (P<0.05). These findings indicate that hepatic injury was more likely among diabetes, and liver enzymes (ALP, GGT) are critical for monitoring glucose control concomitant with hepatic injury. Bilirubin is a potentially important biomarker for the assessment of the hepatic excretory system in diabetes mellitus

Impact of Soybean Phytoestrogen-Rich Extract on Markers of Inflammation Markers in 4-Vinyl Cyclohexane Diepoxide-Induced Menopause in Albino Rats

The vasomotor symptoms of menopause, including hot flashes, sweating, physical and psychological discomfort, and emotional changes, are accurate and experienced by many of the menopausal and postmenopausal female population. In addition, it causes osteoporosis and slowed metabolism, raising the chance of developing many different ailments. Given that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been linked to an increased cancer risk, this investigation was undertaken to identify viable alternatives. The study aimed to investigate the impact of Soybean phytoestrogen-rich extract on some markers of inflammation of 4-vinyl cyclohexene diepoxide-induced menopause in albino rats. Sixty-five (65) female albino Wistar rats were employed in the investigation. Each one was induced with 80mg/kg of 4-vinyl cyclohexene diepoxide before being treated with either normal estradiol therapy (14ug/kg) or varying concentrations of the soybean phytoestrogen-rich extract (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg). Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) were measured by ELISA methods. Statistical software SPSS (IBM) version 23.0 was used to analyze the data. Compared to the positive control group, the soybean phytoestrogen-rich extract therapy group saw a dose-dependent reduction in CRP and IL-6 levels (p<0.05) but not in TNF-α (P>0.05). Data from this research demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effects of soybean phytoestrogen-rich extract therapy in menopause-induced female Wistar rats. Soybean phytoestrogen-rich extract therapy in a high dose appears to show no significant difference from hormone replacement therapy as an alternate estrogen source in managing inflammation as a chronic disease

Profile and Role of Serum Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular-Axis Hormones on Sexual Function of Older Men with Type-2 Diabetes

Little information is available on the complex endocrinology of sexual dysfunction, which is frequently associated with ageing and diabetes. We wanted to examine the serum profile of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular-axis (HPTA) hormones and how they relate to sexual function in older men with type-2 diabetes. This study included 74 participants (44 type-2 diabetics and 30 healthy controls). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to measure serum levels of total testosterone (Te), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL). Compared to controls, diabetic patients had significantly higher FSH and PRL levels but lower Te levels. Testosterone was found to be significantly correlated with sexual intercourse frequency (p<0.01), erectile function, and libido (p< 0.001). We discovered significant (p < 0.001) relationships between libido, penile erection, and FSH, as well as between PRL and libido (p< 0.05). When compared to the other hormones, testosterone had the strongest associations with the frequency of sexual intercourse (p< 0.05), libido (p< 0.05), and penile erection (p< 0.01). Our findings indicated that HPTA hormones might have a significant influence on sexual functions in type-2 diabetic patients, with Te being the most important HPTA hormone influencing sexual functions in diabetic patients. This study, therefore, helps to clarify the complex endocrinology and physiology of the sexual dysfunction frequently observed in older men with type-2 diabetes and also supports the use of testosterone replacement therapy in older diabetic adults

Coagulation Profile In Diabetes Mellitus And Its Association with Microvascular Complications in Uncontrolled and Controlled Diabetes at Edo Specialist Hospital, Benin-City, South-South, Nigeria

Diabetes mellitus induces coagulopathies by glycating haemoglobin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, and other proteins involved in the clotting mechanism. Shortened PTTK and PT represent a hypercoagulable state related to an elevated thrombotic risk and a negative cardiovascular effect, both of which can lead to the onset and progression of microvascular and macrovascular problems. The study aims to compare the coagulation profile in diabetes-related microvascular complications in clients with uncontrolled and controlled diabetes at an Edo specialty hospital in Benin City. A hospital-based case-control study was carried out at ESH in Benin City. Two hundred eighty individuals were recruited for the study, including 215 diabetes patients (55 type I diabetes, 160 type II diabetes, and 65 non-diabetics) attending the outpatient department of ESH in Benin City. Blood was drawn for coagulation and biochemical assays. Diabetes patients had significantly lower levels of PT and PTTK compared to non-diabetes controls (p<0.05). Fibrinogen and D-dimer levels were considerably higher (p<0.05). The PTTK level was much lower in type 2 diabetes than in type 1 diabetes, and there was a significant difference in platelet count between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Female diabetes patients had lower levels of PTTK and PT than male diabetic patients. Furthermore, in diabetes with complications, the levels of PTTK and platelet count were lower (p0.05). It was discovered that insulin treatment decreased platelet count, whereas sulfonylurea increased fibrinogen levels in people with diabetes. Diabetes may increase the risk of clotting, as indicated by shorter PTTK, PT, and higher fibrinogen and D-dimer levels compared to controls. The coagulation profile should be evaluated as a regular screening test in diabetes patients to reduce the incidence and prevalence of vascular burden and to improve quality of life