Cytochrome P450 2C19 Polymorphism in Iranian Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

<p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> The polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) gene are major prognostic factors for the response to clopidogrel therapy in patients with coronary artery diseases (CAD). The CYP2C19*2 is the most important allele responsible for resistance to clopidogrel therapy. This study examined CYP2C19 gene polymorphism (CYP2C19*1 and *2) in Iranian patients.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>METHODS:</strong> This cross-sectional study was performed on 43 Iranian patients with CAD who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and received drug-eluted stents (DES). CYP2C19 polymorphisms were assessed using real time PCR and frequency of CYP2C19*1 and CYP2C19*2 were determined, and then homo- or heterozygous state of genes was detected by Melt Curve Analysis method.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Forty three patients (mean age = 58.8 &plusmn; 10.0 years, 79.1% male) participated in this study. CYP2C19*1/CYP2C19*1 genotype was observed in 31 (72.1%) of participates, CYP2C19*1/CYP2C19*2 genotype in 10 (23.3%), and CYP2C19*2/CYP2C19*2 genotype in 2 patients (4.7%). The frequency of CYP2C19*2 allele in the sample was 27.9%.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> This study demonstrated a high prevalence of CYP2C19*2 gene polymorphism in Iranian patients. Further studies with larger samples or longitudinal are required to determine the effects of this polymorphism on the prognosis of CAD patients in our population.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> CYP2C19, Polymorphism, Clopidogrel, Coronary Artery Disease, Iran.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p

Medical students ’ and physicians ’ attitudes toward patients ’ consent to participate

in clinical trainin

Medical students’ and physicians’ attitudes toward patients’ consent to participate in clinical training

Introduction: The responsibility of the medical training team towards a patient referring to an academic medical center has not been fully clarified. In this article we have looked at current practice in Medical University of Isfahan and evaluated the attitude of the medical team towards patients’consent to be involved in medical students’education. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, conducted in 2012, we distributed self-administrated questionnaires among medical mentors, residents and students of academic hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. This researcher-made questionnaire consisted of several questions concerning dimensions of informed consent. The data were analyzed, using independent t-tests and ANOVA. Results: Ninety-one medical students (51 females) and 61 members of medical training team (25 females) completed the questionnaires. The overall average attitude score was 36.53±5.89 out of 60, which is classified as fair. The average attitude score for medical students and mentors were not significantly different. The average attitude score of the female students was classified as good, and was different from that of male students, significantly (p<0.05). By categorizing subjects into those with ≥5 years of managerial or educational experience and those below 5, a significant difference in average attitude score was documented (35.8±2.54 in Ġ5 and 34.0±2.9 in >5 group). Conclusion: The attitude of the medical team is thoroughly far from what is expected. Thus, the need to provide both medical students and medical mentors with data on the importance of obtaining patients’ consent to be involved in medical education is highlighted

Training Team’s Attitudes Toward The Patient’s Consent To Participate In Clinical Education

Introduction: In educational hospitals, sometimes the patients that seek medical health care are involved in teaching and learning process without enough knowledge about medical students’ skills. This study aimed to examine medical training team’s attitude toward patient's consent to participate in clinical training. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Isfahan University of medical sciences using a researcher-made 12-item questionnaire with 5-point Likert Scale. From the target population including all of the professors and residents of Isfahan University of medical sciences, 61 took part in study. Results: Forty two point five percent of the participants were residents and 57.5% were professors. The overall mean attitude score was 34.9 ±3.03 that was considered moderate. The mean attitude score for professors and residents were 35.58±3.35 and 33.88 ±3.03, respectively which were not significantly different. Most of the participants believed that patients should not be informed about students' ability levels before examination. Conclusion: It seems that the concern of the medical training team about lack of patient cooperation in teaching and learning process results in ignoring in patients' rights in making an informed choice. Conducting further studies in order to find the causes and solutions to improve and upgrade the existing situation is suggested

Medical Students\' Attitudes Toward the Patient\'s Consent to Participate in Clinical Training

Introduction: Clinical education will be possible with involving patients in teaching-learning process. One of the patient’s legal and moral rights is patient's right to decide to participate in this process or not. This study aimed to examine medical students’ attitude toward patient's consent to participate in clinical training. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Isfahan University of medical science in 2011. Ninety students who were passing clinical courses in Al-Zahra hospital took part in study. Data collection was done using a researcher-made 12-item questionnaire. Data analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: 55% were female and 45% were male, 58% were apprentices and 34% were interns. There was significant difference between mean attitude of apprentices and interns. Interns’ attitude was good but it was moderate for apprentices (p <0/05). Most students (81/3%) believed that patients should not be informed about students' ability level before examination. Conclusion: Despite a more positive interns’ attitude than apprentices, it is necessary for medical school and faculty members to prepare leaflets in this matter and emphasize on informed consent to improve students’ knowledge and attitudes

Medical students\' Study Resources: Books or Notes

Introduction: Given the importance and impact of test resources on medical student’ learning, this study aimed to assess the time devoted to study books and notes during the semester and exam time. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on all medical students (120) who were passing internship period at Isfahan University of medical sciences in 2011. Devoted time to study books and notes was determined. Data analysis was done using t test. Results: The mean and standard deviation of time devoted to study book for students who their mean score were above average (15.89±0.96) was 34.61±4.08. This was 23.12±5.30 for students who their mean score were less than average. It had significant difference. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that, students with lower mean score were more interested in studying notes during the semester and test time. Therefore, it is suggested to conduct further studies to investigate the study sources of students in different academic degree levels