Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

BACKGROUND: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. METHODS: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. FINDINGS: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0·603 (0·400-1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0-0) and 1·75 (0·698-4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0-0·403) to 1·87 (0·500-3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0-0·900) and 6·94 (3·40-8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3-65·4) were aged 15-39 years and 76·9% (73·0-81·3) were male. INTERPRETATION: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Weather Monitoring System Using Node MCU

In this paper, a new approach to practical and meaningful application of technology within a smart rainfall station system is presented. Weather station gives effectiveness with instruments as well as outfit for measuring atmospheric data about the rainfall cast conditions. Weather checking of the terrain is essential because rainfall changes uncertainly every day. From rainfall updates, first understand the outside condition. So, we can take medication according to rainfall. Weather also plays a vital part in mortal physical and cerebral health. For these reasons, we always need to know about the current rainfall information. In this case, a rainfall station makes our life way easier by streamlining us about current rainfall countries. We can fluently see rainfall updates and information from rainfall stations by using apps. This paper has developed and tested a rainfall station grounded on Node MCU Board and Blynk – IoT technology, which measures the meteorological data, including temperature, pressure, moisture, and downfall.</jats:p

Alphabet ‘N’ Beginning Group of Similar Letters in English Words and Their Dissimilar Pronunciations

The present research article mentions the alphabet ‘N’ beginning group of similar letters in different English words having dissimilar pronunciations. The alphabet ‘N’ beginning group of similar letters in different English words, having dissimilar pronunciations, are forty-two in numbers which are: na, nae, nce, nco, nd, nde, ndi, ndo, ndu, ne, nee, nei, neo, nfe, nfi, nge, ngi, ngre, ni, nne, nni, nno, nnu, no, nou, now, ns, nscie, nse, nsi, nso, nspi, nsta, nsu, nta, nte, ntia, nto, ntra, ntro, nu and ny. The select alphabet of ‘N’ beginning group of similar letters in different English words, having dissimilar pronunciations, have been put forth with three hundred and forty-six examples including words and their phonetic transcriptions which will surely support the learners of English language to find the excellence in the select piece of work. The importance and limitations of the study, hypothesis, objective, research methodology, sources of data collection and findings have been given. The present research article closes with the conclusion and the reference list.</jats:p