Autonomous and Lagrangian ocean observations for Atlantic tropical cyclone studies and forecasts

Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 30, no. 2 (2017): 92–103, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2017.227.The tropical Atlantic basin is one of seven global regions where tropical cyclones (TCs) commonly originate, intensify, and affect highly populated coastal areas. Under appropriate atmospheric conditions, TC intensification can be linked to upper-ocean properties. Errors in Atlantic TC intensification forecasts have not been significantly reduced during the last 25 years. The combined use of in situ and satellite observations, particularly of temperature and salinity ahead of TCs, has the potential to improve the representation of the ocean, more accurately initialize hurricane intensity forecast models, and identify areas where TCs may intensify. However, a sustained in situ ocean observing system in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea dedicated to measuring subsurface temperature, salinity, and density fields in support of TC intensity studies and forecasts has yet to be designed and implemented. Autonomous and Lagrangian platforms and sensors offer cost-effective opportunities to accomplish this objective. Here, we highlight recent efforts to use autonomous platforms and sensors, including surface drifters, profiling floats, underwater gliders, and dropsondes, to better understand air-sea processes during high-wind events, particularly those geared toward improving hurricane intensity forecasts. Real-time data availability is key for assimilation into numerical weather forecast models.The NOAA/AOML component of this work was originally funded by the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013, also known as the Sandy Supplemental, and is currently funded through NOAA research grant NA14OAR4830103 by AOML and CARICOOS, as well as NOAA’s Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). The TEMPESTS component of this work is supported by NOAA through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (NA13OAR4830233) with additional analysis support from the WHOI Summer Student Fellowship Program, Nortek Student Equipment Grant, and the Rutgers University Teledyne Webb Graduate Student Fellowship Program. The drifter component of this work is funded through NOAA grant NA15OAR4320071(11.432) in support of the Global Drifter Program

Analysis of Native English Speakers’ Perceptions on English Conversation Class at the College Level

The purpose of the study is to analyze the perceptions of native English speakers conducting English conversation classes as part of general English education at a local university. A total of 21 native English speakers participated in the survey after completing the semester. The survey was categorized into four different groups, namely inquiries about the students’ purpose of taking the class, satisfaction of the curriculum, expectation for the students after taking the class, and the suggestion to improve the curriculum of English conversation class. The survey had open-ended questions to derive opinions and suggestions for the class. The results showed native English speakers were mostly satisfied with the current curriculum and expected that the students can lower the anxiety and raise the interest and motivation in learning English after taking the English conversation class. Native English speakers suggested that it is necessary to have differentiated classes based on students’ English speaking level. Classes including both high and lower level students at the same time are difficult for professors to manage and also make it difficult for students to participate with motivation and interest. The curriculum of the English conversation should adopt opinions and suggestions of the native English speakers who conduct the actual classes.</jats:p