Measurement and calculation of structural parameters to investigate interactions in binary mixtures including alcohols and butyl acetate

In this article, using the structural parameters called the concentration-concentration fluctuation factor in the long wavelength limit, the number-number factor in the long wavelength limit, the partial number-mole fraction structural factor, the mixed structural factor in the long wavelength limit and calculating the short order factor Chemical field, we have studied the structure and relative investigation of interactions in binary mixtures including butyl acetate and normal alcohols (1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol) at a temperature of 298.15 degrees. Using the experimental values of molar volume and compressibility coefficient of the mixtures, the mentioned structural parameters were calculated. The effect of increasing the length of the alcohol chain on the mentioned parameters was studied, and using the obtained results, a discussion was made about the regularization or disorder of the solutions. The experimental values of the additional molar volume for all the mentioned systems are positive and increase with the increase of the length of the alcohol chain. The analysis of the mentioned structural parameters for binary mixtures also led to similar results for the strength of bonds and the amount of disorder in them. In general, it can be concluded that the intermolecular bonds in two-component systems containing butyl acetate and normal alcohols are weak, and the amount of disorder in these solutions is greater than the amount of disorder in ideal solutions, and this disorder increases with the increase in the length of the alcohol chain. The increase of these irregularities, which is caused by the weakening of the bonds in the solution, can be considered as a result of the spatial hindrance caused by the non-polar chain of alcohols. With the increase in the length of the chain, the amount of this spatial hindrance also increases

S-Scrum: a secure methodology for agile development of web services

To care for security in early stages of software development has always been a major engineering trend. However, due to the existence of unpreventable and accidental security faults within the system, it is not always possible to entirely identify and mitigate the security threats. This may eventually lead to security failure of the target system. To avoid security failure, it is required to incorporate fault tolerance (i.e. intrusion tolerant) into the security requirements of the system. In this paper, we propose a new technique toward description of security requirements of Intrusion Tolerant Systems (ITS) using fuzzy logic. We care for intrusion tolerance in security requirements of the system through considering partial satisfaction of security goals. This partiality is accepted and formally described through establishment of a Goal-Based Fuzzy Grammar (GFG) and its respective Goal-Based Fuzzy Language (GFL) for describing Security Requirement Model (SRM) of the target ITS

Childhood Neurogenic Stuttering Due to Bilateral Congenital Abnormality in Globus Pallidus: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

How to Cite This Article: Saeedi Borujeni MJ, Esfandiary E, Almasi Dooghaee M. Childhood Neurogenic Stuttering Due to Bilateral Congenital Abnormality in Globus Pallidus: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Iran J Child Neurol. Autumn 2016; 10(4):75-79. AbstractObjectiveThe basal ganglia are a group of structures that act as a cohesive functional unit. They are situated at the base of the forebrain and are strongly connected with the cerebral cortex and thalamus. Some speech disorders such as stuttering can resulted from disturbances in the circuits between the basal ganglia and the language motor area of the cerebral cortex. Stuttering consists of blocks, repetitive, prolongation or cessation of speech. We present a 7.5 -year-old male child with bilateral basal ganglia lesion in globus pallidus with unclear reason.The most obvious speech disorders in patient was stuttering, but also problems in swallowing, monotone voice, vocal tremor, hypersensitivity of gag reflex and laryngeal dystonia were seen. He has failed to respond to drug treatment, so he went on rehabilitation therapy when his problem progressed.In this survey, we investigate the possible causes of this type of childhood neurogenic stuttering. References1. Daliri A, Prokopenko RA, Flanagan JR, Max L. Control and Prediction Components of Movement Planning in Stuttering Versus Nonstuttering Adults. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2014;57(6):2131-41.2. Kasbi F, Mokhlesin M, Maddah M, Noruzi R, Monshizadeh L, Khani MMM. Effects of Stuttering on Quality of Life in Adults Who Stutter. Middle East J Rehab Health 2015;2(1). e43352, DOI: 10.17795/ mejrh-253143. Alm PA. Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: a critical review of possible relations. J Communicat Disord 2004;37(4):325-69.4. Groenewegen HJ. The basal ganglia and motor control. Neural Plasticity 2003;10(1-2):107-20.5. Van Schouwenburg MR, Onnink AMH, Ter Huurne N, Kan CC, Zwiers MP, Hoogman M, et al. Cognitive flexibility depends on white matter microstructure of the basal ganglia. Neuropsychologia 2014;53:171-7.6. Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci 1989;12(10):366-75.7. Tani T, Sakai Y. Analysis of five cases with neurogenic stuttering following brain injury in the basal ganglia. J Fluency Disord 2011;36(1):1-16.8. Ludlow CL, Loucks T. Stuttering: a dynamic motor control disorder. J Fluency Disord 2004;28(4):273-95.9. Van Borsel J, Van Der Made S, Santens P. Thalamic stuttering: A distinct clinical entity? Brain Language 2003;85(2):185-9.10. Nambu A. Functional Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia. Deep Brain Stimulation for Neurological Disorders: Springer; 2015. p. 1-11.11. Jin X, Tecuapetla F, Costa RM. Basal ganglia subcircuits distinctively encode the parsing and concatenation of action sequences. Nature Neurosci 2014;17(3):423-30.12. Volkmann J, Hefter H, Lange H, Freund H-J. Impairment of temporal organization of speech in basal ganglia diseases. Brain Lang 1992;43(3):386-99.13. Civier O, Bullock D, Max L, Guenther FH. Computational modeling of stuttering caused by impairments in a basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit involved in syllable selection and initiation. Brain Lang 2013;126(3):263-78.14. Giraud A-L, Neumann K, Bachoud-Levi A-C, von Gudenberg AW, Euler HA, Lanfermann H, et al. Severity of dysfluency correlates with basal ganglia activity in persistent developmental stuttering. Brain Lang 2008;104(2):190-9.15. Mink JW. The basal ganglia and involuntary movements: impaired inhibition of competing motor patterns. Arch Neurol 2003;60(10):1365-8.16. Watkins KE, Smith SM, Davis S, Howell P. Structural and functional abnormalities of the motor system in developmental stuttering. Brain 2008;131(1):50-9.17. Allert N, Kelm D, Blahak C, Capelle H-H, Krauss JK. Stuttering induced by thalamic deep brain stimulation for dystonia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010;117(5):617-20.18. Dietz J, Noecker AM, McIntyre CC, Mikos A, Bowers D, Foote KD, et al. Stimulation region within the globus pallidus does not affect verbal fluency performance. Brain Stimulation 2013;6(3):248-53.19. Ullman MT. Is Broca’s area part of a basal ganglia thalamocortical circuit? Cortex 2006;42(4):480-5

Physiological and Morphological Responses of the ‘Dargazi’ Pear (Pyrus communis) to in vitro Salinity

Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting growth and production of plants worldwide. Improving tolerance to salinity in plants is the most effective way to increase performance. Influence of salinity on growth, physiological and biochemical responses of Pyrus communis ‘Dargazi’ explants was investigated in in vitro conditions. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg L-1 BAP (6-banzyl amino purine) and 0.1 mg L-1 NAA (Naphthaline acetic acid) supplemented with different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations 0 (control), 40, 80, 120 and 160 mM. With increased salinity, the fresh weight, dry weight, the number of leaves, shoot length, chlorophyll index, multiplication index, leaf relative water content and total protein decreased. In contrast, proline, soluble sugar and activity of catalase increased

COVID-19 Impacts on Reproductive Ability, Childbearing, and Sexual Health- Psychological well-being in the Human Population; a Narrative Review

The coronavirus was the causative agent of a global epidemic from 2019 to 2022. The viral effect on sexual health and hormonal profile plus the rate of healthy births are important issues in general health. In this review, we studied the effect of coronavirus on reproductive health using more than 70 articles to understand the interaction of the virus with the reproductive system. High temperatures due to fever elevated ACE2 expression in both testis germ and somatic cells. Furthermore, they exhibit significantly elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, but decreased testosterone, LH, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)/LH ratios, which may indicate the possibility of hypogonadism and/or infertility. In contrast, women diagnosed with SARS-CoV infections during the first trimester of pregnancy are at a higher risk of spontaneous miscarriages, while infections occurring during pregnancy are more likely to result in preterm delivery. The Coronavirus can theoretically and potentially affect men’s fertility and sexual development, and possibly cause miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy with an unknown mechanism. The findings cannot affirm whether the hormonal alterations are due to a direct/indirect effect of the virus. Therefore, more studies are needed to answer related questions

Conceptualization of Digital Marketing Development Capabilities indicators of Insurance Industry in Iran

AbstractThe aim of present study is to identify indicators for development capabilities of digital marketing insurance industry indexes in Iran. It is a development- applied research and it is a descriptive- survey by nature and it is also the mixed type of qualitative and quantitative approach. In this study, extraction of indicators for development capabilities of digital marketing with the help of textual content analysis method is performed and then these indicators are screened in the insurance industry by using Delphi technique and finally, the indicators have been categorized by using the exploratory factor analysis method. In the textual content analysis section, the statistical population of the research includes documents and upstream records related to the development of digital marketing capabilities and the sampling method is purposeful. In Delphi section, the statistical population of the study was 10 insurance industry experts who were selected using purposive sampling and the statistical population in the exploratory factor analysis section is 384 insurance industry experts who were selected by using random sampling method. The field study tool of this research is a questionnaire. Findings show that knowledge of the set of factors and indicators for development of digital marketing capabilities of the insurance industry in Iran is very important for managers and researchers. These indicators include environmental advertising, SMS advertising, customer relationship, and etc. Finally, according to the indicators, indicators were categorized in the three dimensions of marketing research, organization's digital organization, and customer-related factors. IntroductionThe global community is rapidly digitalizing, and consequently the digitalization of businesses and their marketing processes is under expansion. The insurance industry, as one of the most important industries of the country, requires the use of information and communication technology in order to gain more competitive ability and better response to the changing needs of today's customers. Due to the theoretical gap and the practical importance of this issue in the insurance industry, the present research has studied insurance industry aiming the identification of indicators for development of digital marketing capabilities of the insurance industry in Iran.MethodologySince the main purpose of the present research is to identify indicators for development of digital marketing capabilities of the insurance industry in Iran, it can be said that the present research is in the field of development-applied research and considering that in this research Field methods have been used, It can be stated that the present study is a descriptive-survey research preformed on the bases of nature and since this research is examined in both qualitative and quantitative sections, therefore, it is a mixed type of (qualitative-quantitative) research in terms of approach. In this research in the first step, the indicators of digital marketing capabilities development were Extracted by using the textual content analysis method, and in the second step the indicators of digital marketing capabilities development of the insurance industry were screened by using the Delphi technique and finally, the indicators were categorized by using the exploratory factor analysis method. In the textual content analysis section, the statistical population of the research includes upstream documents and records related to the development of digital marketing capabilities and the sampling method is targeted. In the Delphi section, the statistical population of the study were 10 insurance industry experts who were selected by using purposive sampling method. In the exploratory factor analysis section, the statistical population is 384 insurance industry experts who were selected by using random sampling method. The field study tool is a questionnaire.FindingsIn summary, the research findings confirm the fact that awareness of the set of factors and indicators for development of digital marketing capabilities of the insurance industry in Iran is very significant for managers and researchers. These indicators include environmental advertising, SMS advertising, customer relationship, word of mouth advertising, increasing the general and specialized knowledge of the audience, etc. These indicators place into the three categories of marketing research, organization's digital organization, and customer related factors.Discussion and ConclusionThe present study identifies the most important indicators of the development of digital marketing capabilities in the insurance industry in Iran. The first identified dimension is marketing research. In this regard, first businesses should adopt a suitable marketing strategy and determine the size of the market, and then establish a proper relationship with experts, and consider the importance of advertising according to marketing research. The second identified dimension is the organization's digital organization. Ease of use, trust and security should be considered in these organizations. These communications should be done through useful channels. Another important issue in this section is the discussion of website design and the production of high-quality content, which improves customer satisfaction. The compatibility and cost of these organizations should be taken into consideration. The third identified dimension is customer related factors. Communication with the customer is always important for the business and they should take steps towards customer satisfaction and loyalty. reducing the time risk, financial risk, increasing the general and specialized knowledge of the audience and improving the response time are some other points that are important in this field

Effect of mitomycin-C on corneal endothelial cell parameters after refractive surface ablation procedures

Background: The effect of mitomycin-C (MMC) on the reduction of endothelial cell count in the cornea remains controversial. We aimed to evaluate the effect of MMC on corneal endothelial cell parameters after refractive surface ablation procedures, including photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK). Methods: In this interventional, comparative, follow-up study, 342 eyes of 171 patients were followed up for 6 months. Patients undergoing PRK or LASEK were included and were divided into two groups: group one (188 eyes of 94 patients) with an ablation depth of ? 65 µm and who received intraoperative 0.02% MMC for 30 s, and group two (154 eyes of 77 patients) with an ablation depth of < 65 µm and who received balanced salt solution for 30 s. Changes in endothelial cell density (ECD), central corneal thickness (CCT), coefficient of variation (CV), and hexagonality values were compared between the groups at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Results: The mean ± standard deviaiton (SD) age of the patients was 28.11 ± 6.56 years. The mean ± SD ECD did not change significantly in either group between the baseline and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The baseline mean ECD was significantly higher in group one than that in group two (P < 0.001) and remained so at 3 (P = 0.002) and 6 months (P = 0.022) postoperatively. The baseline hexagonality value was lower in group one (P = 0.173), with a gradual decrease during the postoperative follow-up as compared with that in group two (P = 0.016 and 0.001 at 3 and 6 months postoperatively, respectively). Group one had a significantly lower CCT at 3 and 6 months postoperatively (both P < 0.001) and a higher mean CV (3 months: P = 0.028; 6 months: P = 0.328). Conclusions: A single intraoperative application of MMC for 30 s as prophylaxis for corneal haze development during refractive surface ablation procedures had no significant effect on ECD up to 6 months postoperatively. Future studies with a contralateral-eye design (to neutralize factors specific to the individual patient), a larger sample size, and longer follow-up are necessary to confirm or disprove our observations

CoNiZn and CoNiFe Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Physical Characterization, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluations

The polyol method has been used to synthesize CoNiFe and CoNiZn alloy nanoparticles (NPs). The magnetic characteristics of the products have been measured by vibration sample magnetometry (VSM) analysis. At the same time, the microstructure and morphology were inspected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Magnetic measurement of samples by the VSM indicated that samples have soft ferromagnetic behavior. Spherical-shaped grains for samples were confirmed by the SEM. MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were used to determine the cytotoxic effects of the synthesized NPs. Cytotoxic evaluations showed that treatment with 25 to 400 µg/mL of CoNiZn and CoNiFe NPs exerted a significant time- and concentration-dependent toxicity in MCF7 and HUVEC cells and markedly enhanced the LDH leakage after 48 h of exposure (p < 0.05 compared with untreated cells). Furthermore, NPs with concentrations higher than 12.5 µg/mL induced evident morphological changes in the studied cell lines. Treatment with 12.5 µg/mL of CoNiZn and CoNiFe NPs was safe and did not affect normal human cell survival. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity assessments show promise in supporting the suitability of the synthesized NPs to build high-performance theranostic nanoplatforms for simultaneous cancer imaging and therapy without affecting normal human cells