Studies on the White Root-Rot of Tea Bush II : On the relation between pathogenicities and different conditions of inoculation, as well as on fungal growth in deficient oxygen

I. Difference in the pathogenicity of three cultural strains of Rosellinia sp. was investigated by various conditions of soil inoculation. (1) The seasonal severity of the disease after inoculation appeared in the order of spring or summer, autumn and winter. (2) By soil sterilizations, it was found that there exists an antagonistic condition between soil microbes and present fungus : the disease was less severe in unsterilized soil than when sterilized. (3) More infection occurred in heavier soils; clayish loam over sandy loam. (4) Generally speaking, the severity of present disease was greater in dry soil than in wet soil; in which a ratio of irrigated water was respectively 1 : 1/3∿2/3. (5) Cultural strains R1 and R3 were more pathogenic than R2. Pathogenicity is associated with the lignin decomposing power, and influenced by optimum pH concentration for hyphal growth and reaction of soil used in experiment. II. The influence of oxygen supply for the hyphal growth or survival of Rosellinia sp. was examined by using alkaline pyrogallol. The mycelium of present fungus received a fatal injury by keeping for 3 days in closed PETRI dish devoid of oxygen. The mycelium survived in 1/10 oxygen content of normal air, and continued growth in 1/3 oxygen content of normal air

Studies on the White Root-Rot of Tea Bush. III. : On the effect of the components of culture media to the fungal growth, and the phyto-toxicity of the filtrate of liquid media used by the fungus.

(I) Dry weight of the mycelium of three cultural strains of Rosellinia sp. grown for 20days at 24℃ was compared to confirm relation between the hyphal growth and the pathogenicities, and also the nutrient essential for the hyphal growth was studied. The growths on the media of plant extract and those containing pepton were vigourous in the order of R3,R2 and R1. The hyphal growth on Dox\u27s solution was accelerated by adding a little of extracts of potato or rice straw. According to above, some minor substances in these plant extracts were considered to have effects on the hyphal growth. These substances were presumed to be vitamins and organic nitrogen. The hyphal growths on media containing thiamine or biotin, glucose, mineral salts and asparagine were inferior to those media containing extract of potato or pepton and sugar. But hyphal growth on the former was recognized to be superior to the common synthetic media, and the absolute hyphal growth in cultural strain R1 were considerably more than those of R2 and R3. The hyphal growth of each strain on media containing extract of tea-roots was in the order of R3,R1 and R2. From the extent of results of writer\u27s experiments one cannot assume that the pathogenicities of the cultural strains of Rosellinia sp. do not always have reference to the hyphal growth in culture media. For the hyphal growth of the Rosellinia sp. aspragine, glucose (sugar), mineral-salts (MgSO_4・7H_2O, MnSO_4・4H_2O, KH_2PO_4) and vitamin (thiamine, biotin or inositol) were found to be essential substances. Since the growth on media containing increased amounts of KNO_3 and biotin was more vigourousby prolonging the cultural terms, so the protein synthesis from KNO_3 is thought to progress slowly in present fungi. (II) Phyto-toxicity of filtrate of cultural media on which Rosellinia sp. was allowed to grow investigated by using cuttings of seedling of broad beans and tea seedlings. The toxicity of filtrate was certified in media which hyphal growths were vigour. These toxicities were not influenced by heating the filtrate for 20 minutes at 100℃ and dilution to one half in concentration. Symptoms of toxicity on the broad beans resembled the leaf-spot caused by Cercospora Fabae, and on the tea seedling it showed wilting symptom similar to that on inoculation experiment using potted plant. Deteils of these toxic substances may be cleared in future study

Studies on the White Root-Rot of Tea Bush I

1). The phytopathological characters of Rosellinia sp. causing root rot on tea were investigated using three cultural strains which differed some what in mycelial state and size of hyphae. 2). The optimum temperature for hyphal growth was about 24℃ for three cultural strains. At 0℃ all three cutural strains survived for 15 days, but after 35 days strain R2 was found dead. The other two strains were still found to be alive. At 32℃ all strains appeard to be die in 7 days. 3). Every cultural strains grown on media containing cellulose as a carbon source indicated reactions of cellulose decomposition. The optimum initial H-ion concentrations of these media to cellulose decomposition were pH 5.4 for R1 and R3,and 4.2 for R2. 4). The three cutural strains showed enzymes for lignin decomposition. The presence of tyrosinase was indicated slightly in R1 only. 5). Three cultural strains inoculated into soil inhibited germination of soya beans to about 45%. 6). From the results of inoculation to tea seedlings, it was found that the disease severity was in the order of mid-summer, early summer, and early winter. Some considerations were discussed on the factors causing seasonal differences in the disease severity

Linear Collider Capabilities for Supersymmetry in Dark Matter Allowed Regions of the mSUGRA Model

Recent comparisons of minimal supergravity (mSUGRA) model predictions with WMAP measurements of the neutralino relic density point to preferred regions of model parameter space. We investigate the reach of linear colliders (LC) with $\sqrt{s}=0.5$ and 1 TeV for SUSY in the framework of the mSUGRA model. We find that LCs can cover the entire stau co-annihilation region provided \tan\beta \alt 30. In the hyperbolic branch/focus point (HB/FP) region of parameter space, specialized cuts are suggested to increase the reach in this important ``dark matter allowed'' area. In the case of the HB/FP region, the reach of a LC extends well past the reach of the CERN LHC. We examine a case study in the HB/FP region, and show that the MSSM parameters $\mu$ and $M_2$ can be sufficiently well-measured to demonstrate that one would indeed be in the HB/FP region, where the lightest chargino and neutralino have a substantial higgsino component.Comment: 29 pages, 15 EPS figures; updated version slightly modified to conform with published versio

The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Kimmeridgian Stage (Jurassic System), at Flodigarry, Staffin Bay, Isle of Skye, Scotland, UK

Following voting by the Kimmeridgian Working Group, the International Subcommission on Jurassic Stratigraphy and the International Commission on Stratigraphy, the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Kimmeridgian Stage (Jurassic System) was ratified by the executive of the International Union of Geological Sciences. The boundary is placed in the upper part of Bed 35 of the Staffin Shale Formation, 1.25±0.01 m below the base of Bed 36 in block F6 in the foreshore at Flodigarry, Staffin Bay, Isle of Skye, Scotland. The coordinates for the middle part of the two adjacent sections (sections F6N and F6S) are 57°39\u2739.5\u27\u27N, 6°14\u2743.9\u27\u27W and 57°39\u2740.5\u27\u27N, 6°14\u2745\u27\u27W; UK National Grid Scheme NG 4687 7139 and NG 4687 7142±5 m. This stratigraphic point coincides with the appearance over a short stratigraphic interval of several new ammonite taxa that delineate the base of the Subboreal ammonite Baylei Zone, the base of the Densicostata Subzone marked by the base of the flodigarriensis horizon, and, independently, the base of the Boreal ammonite Bauhini Zone. The main advantages of this locality are: the presence of a dual ammonite zonation marked by two extensively studied, well-preserved and very abundant groups of ammonites, and their preservation within a continuous section of ~120 m of open marine, fossiliferous, thermally immature mudrocks with no evidence of condensation or stratigraphic gaps. Dinoflagellate cysts, magnetostratigraphy and stable isotope data from the same section provide secondary markers. The stratigraphic point is located 0.17–0.65 m below the boundary interval between the dinoflagellate cyst zones DSJ 26 and DSJ 27 (equivalent to the boundary between subzones c and d of the Scriniodinium crystallinum (=Scr) Zone). The point is located 0.02–0.24 m above the base of reversed magnetozone F3r. This magnetozone probably correlates with marine magnetic anomaly M26r but may correlate to the younger anomaly M25r. The point coin cides with a well-marked broad minimum in δ13C values and a calculated low Sr-isotope value of 0.70687. The section has yielded nannofossils that show that the potential last occurrence of Octopodorhabdus decussatus that marks the lower part of the NJ15 zone occurs about 1.09 m below the boundary. The thermal immaturity and unweathered nature of the strata in the Flodigarry section has permitted a direct Re-Os radio-isotopic age of 154.1±2.2 Ma to be obtained from the mudrocks 0.05 m below the Kimmeridgian GSSP. Sequence stratigraphic analysis indicates that the GSSP lies within the lower part of a highstand system tract. The corresponding stratigraphic level in the Submediterranean-Mediterranean successions is close to the boundary between the Hypselum and Bimammatum ammonite zones. The change in ammonite groups noted at this level provides biostratigraphic markers for further global correlation