121 research outputs found
Alain Mabanckou et la pigmentation de l'edition francaise
In 2006 for the first time in the history of French literature, five out of the seven most prestigious French literary prizes were attributed to foreign writers. To the signatories of a manifesto published a few months later, this meant that francophone writers no longer belonged to the margins of French literature. Indeed, a restructuring of the literary landscape was in order. They demanded that French and francophone literatures be merged into a single literary field which would be known as the world literature in French and within which authors would not be differentiated according to their nationality. Non-French writers would no longer be edged out into specialized collections, thus only reaching a very narrow and very specific readership. Today, few of the desired changes can be observed. The signatories' continued reliance on major Parisian publishing houses is a clear indication that France remains at the forefront and centre of French-language literature. A close look at the editorial journey of Alain Mabanckou, one of the manifesto's most fervent advocates, corroborates this statement. While he made a gradual progression towards Gallimard's illustrious Collection Blanche, he is still systematically portrayed above all as an African writer through the use of racialised paratextual elements. The deep-rooted hegemony of France cannot be toppled overnight. After situating Alain Mabanckou's position within the literary hierarchy thanks to an analysis of his editorial journey and an overview of his works' paratextual representation, this dissertation delves into the author's usage of fiction as a means of sensitising readers to the struggles of non-French writers. A three-tiered evolution can be observed throughout his career beginning with an unconditional admiration for France in his first novel Bleu-blanc-rouge (1998). He then adopted a more patriotic stance in African Psycho (2003a) by advocating creative authenticity before overtly criticising France's rigid literary and language conventions in Verre Cassé (2005). Interestingly, he also praised the United States' growing role in facilitating the creative process for French-language writers - an interesting lead for future research
Accuracy Enhancement of a Multi-Resolution Indoor Propagation Simulation Tool by Radiation Pattern Synthesis
International audienceThis paper presents an innovative approach that offers both a precise modeling of the propagation environment and a reduced computational load taking advantage of a multi-resolution algorithm. In this approach, radiating sources are simulated as point sources and are thus obviously omnidirectional leading to an important limit of the method. This paper tackles this problem by introducing multi-point sources. A regularized radiation pattern synthesis is then proposed for modeling particular radiation patterns. This approach enhances the accuracy of the predictions while preserving fast calculation time
The Adaptive Multi-Resolution Frequency-Domain ParFlow (MR-FDPF) Method for Indoor Radio Wave Propagation Simulation. Part I : Theory and Algorithms
This report presents the theoretical background and new developments of the multi-resolution frequency domain ParFlow (MR-FDPF) approach for the calculus or radio propagation in Indoor environments for centimetric waves. This method has been developed to face the need of a best understanding of Indoor propagation and to help the WiFi network planning task. Indeed, the development of a wireless design tool is based firstly on a radio propagation engine to predict accurately the radio coverage of access points, with a limited computational load. Usual approaches in the literature are based on either empiric modeling, deducted from measurements, or geometrical optic formalism leading to ray-tracing. While the former suffers a lake of accuracy, the later needs a trade-off between accuracy and computational load, often difficult to assess. The approach proposed herein is based on a finite element approach. Once the problem developed in the frequency domain, the linear system thus obtained is solved in two steps: a pre-processing step which consists in an adaptive multi-resolution (multi-grid) pre-conditioning and a propagation step. The second step computes the coverage of a point source with an up-and-down propagation through the binary tree associated with the multi-resolution description. This approach solves exactly the linear system but with a strongly reduced computational complexity when compared to the time domain approach. For example, a full AP coverage at a macroscopic resolution and for an environment of 1000x600 pixels (i.e. at a resolution) lasts less than
Computationally Efficient MR-FDPF and MR-FDTLM Methods for Multifrequency Simulations
International audienceWe propose a modification of the multi-resolution frequency domain ParFlow (MR-FDPF) method that allows simulating radio propagation channels in a frequency range. The performance of the proposed MR-FDPF implementation has been analyzed based on different realistic propagation scenarios. We also analyze the possibility of applying the multi-resolution frequency domain approach to the well-known transmission-line matrix method. The proposed multi-resolution frequency domain transmission-line matrix method provides a computationally efficient way of modeling radio wave propagation in threedimensional space at multiple frequencies
Computationally Efficient MR-FDPF Method for Multifrequency Simulations
In this report, we propose a modification of the multi-resolution frequency domain ParFlow (MR-FDPF) method that allows simulating radio propagation channels in a frequency range. The performance of the proposed MR-FDPF implementation has been analyzed based on different realistic propagation scenarios
On Predicting Large Scale Fading Characteristics with the MR-FDPF Method
International audienceThe MR-FDPF (Multi-Resolution Frequency Domain Partial Flow) method is proven to be a fast and efficient method to simulate radio wave propagation. It is a deterministic model which can provide an accurate radio coverage prediction. In reality, radio channels have the nature of randomness due to e.g. moving people or air flow. Thus they can not be rigorously simulated by a pure deterministic model. However, it is believed that some statistics can be extracted from deterministic models and these statistics can be very useful to describe radio channels in reality. In this paper, large scale fading statistical characteristics are extracted based on the MR-FDPF method. They are validated by comparison to both the theoretical result and measurement. The match also demonstrates that MR-FDPF is capable of simulating large scale fading
Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis
BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London
Rhinitis associated with asthma is distinct from rhinitis alone: TARIA‐MeDALL hypothesis
Asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (AD) are interrelated clinical phenotypes that partly overlap in the human interactome. The concept of “one-airway-one-disease,” coined over 20 years ago, is a simplistic approach of the links between upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases. With new data, it is time to reassess the concept. This article reviews (i) the clinical observations that led to Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA), (ii) new insights into polysensitization and multimorbidity, (iii) advances in mHealth for novel phenotype definitions, (iv) confirmation in canonical epidemiologic studies, (v) genomic findings, (vi) treatment approaches, and (vii) novel concepts on the onset of rhinitis and multimorbidity. One recent concept, bringing together upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases with skin, gut, and neuropsychiatric multimorbidities, is the “Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis.” This review determined that the “one-airway-one-disease” concept does not always hold true and that several phenotypes of disease can be defined. These phenotypes include an extreme “allergic” (asthma) phenotype combining asthma, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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