Energy-efficient time-triggered communication policies for wireless networked control systems

International audienceEnergy-efficient communication protocols have become an important topic over the past two decades due to environmental issues, increased monetary costs of energy consumption , and limited battery capacities of sensors and mobile devices. In this context, we present a novel approach to design energy-efficient time-triggered communication policies for wireless networked control systems, while ensuring a given control performance. We consider a plant, modeled as a deterministic discrete-time linear system, which is controlled through a wireless network by an output-feedback law. We proceed by emulation, i.e., we construct the controller to stabilize the origin of the plant while ignoring communication constraints. Next, the wireless network is taken into account and we assume that the probability of packet drops depends on the transmission signal power. We introduce the notion of stochastic allowable transmission interval (SATI) to characterize stabilizing time-triggered transmission policies. We then explain how to minimize the average energy expenditure of the transmitting devices while satisfying the SATI constraints, thus ensuring the control requirements. Simulations results are provided to illustrate the trade-off between the communication and the control costs

Whispering gallery quantum well exciton polaritons in an Indium Gallium Arsenide microdisk cavity

Despite appealing high-symmetry properties that enable high quality factor and strong confinement, whispering gallery modes of spherical and circular resonators have been absent from the field of quantum-well exciton polaritons. Here we observe whispering gallery exciton polaritons in a Gallium Arsenide microdisk cavity filled with Indium Gallium Arsenide quantum wells, the testbed materials of polaritonics. Strong coupling is evidenced in photoluminescence and resonant spectroscopy, accessed through concomitant confocal microscopy and near-field optical techniques. Excitonic and optical resonances are tuned by varying temperature and disk radius, revealing Rabi splittings between 5 and 10 meV. A dedicated analytical quantum model for such circular polaritons is developed, which reproduces the measured values. At high power, lasing is observed and accompanied by a blueshift of the emission that points to the regime of polariton lasing

Single-shot measurements of phonon number states using the Autler-Townes effect

We present a single-shot method to measure motional states in the number basis. The technique can be applied to systems with at least three non-degenerate energy levels which can be coupled to a linear quantum harmonic oscillator, such as in trapped ion experiments. The method relies on probing an Autler-Townes splitting that arises when two levels are strongly coupled via a phonon-number changing transition. We demonstrate the method using a single trapped ion and show that it may be used in a non-demolition fashion to prepare phonon number states. We also show how the Autler-Townes splitting can be used to measure phonon number distributions

A global review of capacity building organizations in water sanitation, and hygiene for developing countries

Although capacity building is increasingly emphasized in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector, many WASH implementing organizations still lack capacity to effectively and sustainably provide WASH services. This study attempts to review the global capacity building efforts in the WASH sector by identifying the major capacity building organizations, understanding their focus and activities, comparing their efforts, and assessing potential gaps in capacity building services. A review of 72 water and sanitation networks identified 104 organizations providing capacity building services to other organizations. These capacity builders are mostly European Non-Governmental Organizations giving trainings on technical subjects with frequent duplication of services. Capacity building services were found to be concentrated in capital cities with rural and remote areas receiving less capacity building services. A lack of long-term client tracking and support was also found. By addressing these gaps and increased communication between these organizations, capacity could be built much more efficiently

Chikungunya Virus Transmission Potential by Local Aedes Mosquitoes in the Americas and Europe

Citation: Vega-Rua, A., Lourenco-de-Oliveira, R., Mousson, L., Vazeille, M., Fuchs, S., Yebakima, A., . . . Failloux, A. B. (2015). Chikungunya Virus Transmission Potential by Local Aedes Mosquitoes in the Americas and Europe. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(5), 18. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003780Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), mainly transmitted in urban areas by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, constitutes a major public health problem. In late 2013, CHIKV emerged on Saint-Martin Island in the Caribbean and spread throughout the region reaching more than 40 countries. Thus far, Ae. aegypti mosquitoes have been implicated as the sole vector in the outbreaks, leading to the hypothesis that CHIKV spread could be limited only to regions where this mosquito species is dominant. Methodology/Principal Findings We determined the ability of local populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from the Americas and Europe to transmit the CHIKV strain of the Asian genotype isolated from Saint-Martin Island (CHIKV_SM) during the recent epidemic, and an East-Central-South African (ECSA) genotype CHIKV strain isolated from La Reunion Island (CHIKV_LR) as a well-characterized control virus. We also evaluated the effect of temperature on transmission of CHIKV_SM by European Ae. albopictus. We found that (i) Aedes aegypti from Saint-Martin Island transmit CHIKV_SM and CHIKV_LR with similar efficiency, (ii) Ae. aegypti from the Americas display similar transmission efficiency for CHIKV_SM, (iii) American and European populations of the alternative vector species Ae. albopictus were as competent as Ae. aegypti populations with respect to transmission of CHIKV_SM and (iv) exposure of European Ae. albopictus to low temperatures (20 degrees C) significantly reduced the transmission potential for CHIKV_SM. Conclusions/Significance CHIKV strains belonging to the ECSA genotype could also have initiated local transmission in the new world. Additionally, the ongoing CHIKV outbreak in the Americas could potentially spread throughout Ae. aegypti-and Ae. albopictus-infested regions of the Americas with possible imported cases of CHIKV to Ae. albopictus-infested regions in Europe. Colder temperatures may decrease the local transmission of CHIKV_SM by European Ae. albopictus, potentially explaining the lack of autochthonous transmission of CHIKV_SM in Europe despite the hundreds of imported CHIKV cases returning from the Caribbean.Additional Authors: de Lamballerie, X.;Failloux, A. B

Traditional knowledge and cultural importance of Borassus aethiopum Mart. in Benin: interacting effects of socio-demographic attributes and multi-scale abundance

ResearchBackground: Eliciting factors affecting distribution of traditional knowledge (TK) and cultural importance of plant resources is central in ethnobiology. Socio-demographic attributes and ecological apparency hypothesis (EAH) have been widely documented as drivers of TK distribution, but their synergistic effect is poorly documented. Here, we focused on Borassus aethiopum, a socio-economic important agroforestry palm in Africa, analyzing relationships between the number of use-reports and cultural importance on one hand, and informant socio-demographic attributes (age category and gender) on the other hand, considering the EAH at multi-scale contexts. Our hypothesis is that effects of socio-demographic attributes on use-reports and cultural importance are shaped by both local (village level) and regional (chorological region level) apparency of study species. We expected so because distribution of knowledge on a resource in a community correlates to the versatility in the resource utilization but also connections among communities within a region. Methods: Nine hundred ninety-two face-to-face individual semi-structured interviews were conducted in six villages of low versus high local abundance of B. aethiopum spanning three chorological regions (humid, sub-humid and semiarid) also underlying a gradient of increasing distribution and abundance of B. aethiopum. Number of use-reports and score of importance of uses of B. aethiopum were recorded in six use-categories including medicine, food, handcraft, construction, firewood, and ceremonies and rituals. Data were analyzed using Poisson and ordered logistic modelsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Positioning pharmacists’ roles in primary health care: a discourse analysis of the compensation plan in Alberta, Canada

Abstract Background A comprehensive Compensation Plan for pharmacy services delivered by community pharmacists was implemented in Alberta, Canada in July 2012. Services covered by the Compensation Plan include care planning services, prescribing services such as adapting prescriptions, and administering a drug or publicly-funded vaccine by injection. Understanding how the Compensation Plan was framed and communicated provides insight into the roles of pharmacists and the potential influence of language on the implementation of services covered by the Compensation Plan by Albertan pharmacists. The objective of this study is to examine the positioning of pharmacists’ roles in documents used to communicate the Compensation Plan to Albertan pharmacists and other audiences. Methods Publicly available documents related to the Compensation Plan, such as news releases or reports, published between January 2012 and December 2015 were obtained from websites such as the Government of Alberta, Alberta Blue Cross, the Alberta College of Pharmacists, the Alberta Pharmacists’ Association, and the Blueprint for Pharmacy. Searches of the Canadian Newsstand database and Google identified additional documents. Discourse analysis was performed using social positioning theory to explore how pharmacists’ roles were constructed in communications about the Compensation Plan. Results In total, 65 publicly available documents were included in the analysis. The Compensation Plan was put forward as a framework for payment for professional services and formal legitimization of pharmacists’ changing professional roles. The discourse associated with the Compensation Plan positioned pharmacists’ roles as: (1) expanding to include services such as medication management for chronic diseases, (2) contributing to primary health care by providing access to services such as prescription renewals and immunizations, and (3) collaborating with other health care team members. Pharmacists’ changing roles were positioned in alignment with the aims of primary health care. Conclusions Social positioning theory provides a useful lens to examine the dynamic and evolving roles of pharmacists. This study provides insight into how communications regarding the Compensation Plan in Alberta, Canada positioned pharmacists’ changing roles in the broader context of changes to primary health care delivery. Our findings may be useful for other jurisdictions considering implementation of remunerated clinical services provided by pharmacists

Genotoxic potential generated by biomass burning in the Brazilian Legal Amazon by Tradescantia micronucleus bioassay: a toxicity assessment study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Brazilian Amazon has suffered impacts from non-sustainable economic development, especially owing to the expansion of agricultural commodities into forest areas. The Tangará da Serra region, located in the southern of the Legal Amazon, is characterized by non-mechanized sugar cane production. In addition, it lies on the dispersion path of the pollution plume generated by biomass burning. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic potential of the atmosphere in the Tangará da Serra region, using <it>Tradescantia pallida </it>as <it>in situ </it>bioindicator.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons, where the plants were exposed to two types of exposure, active and passive.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results showed that in all the sampling seasons, irrespective of exposure type, there was an increase in micronucleus frequency, compared to control and that it was statistically significant in the dry season. A strong and significant relationship was also observed between the increase in micronucleus incidence and the rise in fine particulate matter, and hospital morbidity from respiratory diseases in children.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Based on the results, we demonstrated that pollutants generated by biomass burning in the Brazilian Amazon can induce genetic damage in test plants that was more prominent during dry season, and correlated with the level of particulates and elevated respiratory morbidity.</p