ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DO USO DA ESTATINA E DO ÁCIDO NICOTÍNICO NO TRATAMENTO DA SÍNDROME METABÓLICA

Considering metabolic syndrome (MS) as a pathophysiological condition characterized by arterial hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, this study aims to compare the use of statins and nicotinic acid in the treatment of MS. To this end, a comparative analysis based on relevant clinical and epidemiological studies was conducted. Thus, it is observed that statins significantly reduce LDL cholesterol by about 50% and decrease the risk of cardiovascular events by 25% to 35%, with an odds ratio (OR) of improvement between 0.70 and 0.80. Statins are widely available and accessible, especially in generic versions, and have a relatively manageable adverse effect profile. In contrast, nicotinic acid reduces LDL cholesterol by 15% to 25%, increases HDL cholesterol, and reduces triglycerides, but with less consistent efficacy in preventing cardiovascular events (OR ranging from 0.90 to 1.10) and significant side effects, such as skin flushing and hepatotoxicity. The cost and availability of nicotinic acid are more limited compared to statins. It is concluded that statins are the preferred choice for the treatment of MS due to their robust efficacy and accessibility, while nicotinic acid may be considered in specific cases, with caution due to its adverse effects.Considerando a síndrome metabólica (SM) como uma condição fisiopatológica caracterizada por hipertensão arterial, obesidade central, resistência à insulina, dislipidemia e hiperglicemia, este estudo objetiva comparar o uso de estatinas e ácido nicotínico no tratamento da SM. Para tanto, procede-se a uma análise comparativa baseada em estudos clínicos e epidemiológicos relevantes. Desse modo, observa-se que as estatinas reduzem significativamente o LDL-colesterol em cerca de 50% e diminuem o risco de eventos cardiovasculares em 25% a 35%, com odds ratio (OR) de melhora entre 0,70 e 0,80. As estatinas são amplamente disponíveis e acessíveis, especialmente nas versões genéricas, e apresentam um perfil de efeitos adversos relativamente manejável. Em contraste, o ácido nicotínico reduz o LDL-colesterol em 15% a 25%, aumenta o HDL-colesterol e reduz os triglicerídeos, mas com uma eficácia menos consistente na prevenção de eventos cardiovasculares (OR variando de 0,90 a 1,10) e efeitos colaterais significativos, como rubor cutâneo e hepatotoxicidade. O custo e a disponibilidade do ácido nicotínico são mais limitados em comparação às estatinas. Conclui-se que as estatinas são a escolha preferida para o tratamento da SM devido à sua eficácia robusta e acessibilidade, enquanto o ácido nicotínico pode ser considerado em casos específicos, com precaução devido aos seus efeitos adversos

ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DO USO DE LISDEXANFETAMINA E DE METILFENIDATO NO TRATAMENTO DO TDAH

  Considering the increasing prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the need for effective and safe therapeutic interventions, this research aimed to conduct a comparative analysis between lisdexamfetamine and methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD. To this end, a comprehensive qualitative literature review was conducted, using sources such as Scielo, Google Scholar, scientific journals, institutional repositories, and virtual libraries, without specific time period limitations. Thus, it was observed that both medications demonstrated efficacy in reducing ADHD symptoms. Lisdexamfetamine showed a more prolonged and consistent effect on dopaminergic neurotransmission and a potentially more favorable side effect profile, with fewer reports of severe adverse effects compared to methylphenidate. Methylphenidate, in turn, showed significant efficacy, especially in the short term. It is concluded that both lisdexamfetamine and methylphenidate are valid therapeutic options for the treatment of ADHD, with specific advantages in different clinical contexts. The choice between these medications should consider the individual characteristics of patients and the available evidence of efficacy and safety, contributing to the optimization of treatment and the improvement of the quality of life of patients with ADHD.Considerando a crescente prevalência do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) e a necessidade de intervenções terapêuticas eficazes e seguras, esta pesquisa objetivou realizar uma análise comparativa entre lisdexanfetamina e metilfenidato no tratamento do TDAH. Para tanto, procedeu-se a uma revisão bibliográfica qualitativa abrangente, utilizando fontes como Scielo, Google Acadêmico, revistas científicas, repositórios institucionais e bibliotecas virtuais, sem limitação de período específico. Desse modo, observou-se que ambos os medicamentos demonstraram eficácia na redução dos sintomas do TDAH. A lisdexanfetamina apresentou um efeito mais prolongado e consistente na neurotransmissão dopaminérgica e um perfil de efeitos colaterais potencialmente mais favorável, com menos relatos de efeitos adversos graves em comparação ao metilfenidato. O metilfenidato, por sua vez, mostrou eficácia significativa, especialmente em curto prazo. Conclui-se que tanto a lisdexanfetamina quanto o metilfenidato são opções terapêuticas válidas para o tratamento do TDAH, com vantagens específicas em diferentes contextos clínicos. A escolha entre esses medicamentos deve considerar as características individuais dos pacientes e as evidências de eficácia e segurança disponíveis, contribuindo para a otimização do tratamento e a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com TDAH

Anomalia de Ebstein com comunicação interatrial em paciente gestante com pré-eclâmpsia: um raro relato de caso

A Anomalia de Ebstein (AE) é uma cardiopatia congênita rara, ocorre em apenas 1% das más formações cardíacas. É uma alteração da implantação dos folhetos da valva tricúspide, ocorre o aumento do volume do átrio direito e a atrialização do ventrículo direito. Geralmente, possui uma evolução clínica lenta, com sintomas aparecendo em idade avançada. A comunicação interatrial (CIA), também consiste em uma cardiopatia congênita, do tipo acianótica, comumente assintomática, com prevalência de 5 a 10% de todas as cardiopatias, mais comum em mulheres. Baseia-se na formação de um “shunt” esquerdo-direito, podendo causar hiperfluxo da veia pulmonar. Por outro lado, a pré-eclâmpsia é uma complicação gestacional detectada na vigésima semana. É uma disfunção materno/placentária responsável por elevação da pressão arterial (> 140/90 mmHg), associada a lesão de órgão alvo, proteinúria ou disfunção útero/placentária. Neste estudo, o objetivo é relatar as complicações desenvolvidas durante a gestação em paciente que possuía essa rara associação de comorbidades. Paciente feminina, 20 anos, primigesta com 30 semanas e 4 dias, vista em USG obstétrico, com descontrole pressórico desde de o início da gestação. Cardiopata, sem acompanhamento, apresentando EA e IA (diagnóstico em laudo de 2008). Foi admitida em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) com dispneia, saturação de O2 de 91%, pressão de 150/100 mmHg. Após estabilização, solicitados pareceres para cardiologia, obstetrícia e risco anestésico. USG obstétrico mostrou compartimento fetal alterado e relação cérebro/placentária alterada. No 2º dia, após corticoterapia, paciente retorna do centro-cirúrgico após cesariana, acoplada à ventilação mecânica invasiva, devido à descompensação. Radiografia pós-cirurgia mostrou pequeno derrame pleural bilateral. Mantida Cefalotina por mais 2 dias. No dia 3, TC de tórax revelou derrame persistente e consolidações, iniciando Ceftriaxone e Clindamicina. Noradrenalina iniciada após descompensação hemodinâmica. No dia 6, após teste de respiração espontânea bem-sucedido, o ecocardiograma evidenciou AE, insuficiência tricúspide acentuada e mitral leve. Sem critérios graves, a paciente foi transferida para a enfermaria para seguimento e término da antibioticoterapia. A gestação pode agravar riscos em pacientes com comorbidades raras como anomalias cardíacas congênitas. O acompanhamento específico é crucial e, em casos graves, a gravidez deve ser evitada

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others