Gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos no estado de Minas Gerais: uma análise quantitativa de indicadores de sustentabilidade

Due to increase in urban solid waste, especially in urban centers, the demand for environmentally correct solutions becomes increasingly necessary. In 2010, with the creation of the National Solid Waste Policy, the management of urban solid waste started to be based on a federal law. Thus, this paper proposes an analysis of waste management in municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, through sustainability indicators. In a first stage, secondary indicators were selected for the evaluation of Minas Gerais Development Territories through statistical treatments, descriptive analysis, temporal series and panel analysis. In the descriptive analysis, some of the characteristics of the territories present in the literature were confirmed as the socioeconomic indicators, while the indicators of waste management were not directly related with the available data for the Territories. After that, the temporal series of the Development Territories for each indicator were analysed, as well as the panel analysis with models of dependence and independence between the indicators, considering the state of Minas Gerais as a whole. The results obtained through the statistical treatment of the data confirm points reported in the literature and in other regions of the country. Finally, a field research was carried out in the Mata Development Territory to apply the Waste Landfill Quality Indicator (IQR) in landfills in four cities (A, B, C and D), obtaining a final score of 4.3; 9.8; 10.0 and 4.3, respectively. Considering that the landfills of cities A and D are managed by the city hall, without support from the private sector, it is clear that the government still faces difficulties due to the high operating costs of a landfill and the lack of qualified staff to manage the same. It is notorious that problems such as the absence of a trained technical body and difficulties in managing resources in the cities result in low and divergent indicators. Given the population's difficulty in properly separating and packaging their waste, and city halls in collecting, transporting, treating and disposing of these wastes while federal agencies go against the nature of the municipalities responsible for waste management regulations, few advances in this service and the scenario is still worrying.Com o aumento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), especialmente nos centros urbanos, a demanda por soluções ambientalmente correta se torna cada vez mais necessária. A partir de 2010, com a criação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), a gestão dos RSU passou a ser fundamentada por uma lei federal. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho propõe uma análise do gerenciamento de RSU nos municípios do estado de Minas Gerais, através de indicadores de sustentabilidade. Em uma primeira etapa, foram selecionados indicadores secundários para avaliação dos Territórios de Desenvolvimento mineiros através dos tratamentos estatísticos análise descritiva, séries temporais e análise em painel. Na análise descritiva, algumas das características dos territórios presentes na literatura foram confirmados pelos indicadores socioeconômicos, enquanto os indicadores de gestão de RSU não apresentaram relação direta com os dados disponíveis dos Territórios. Após isso, foram analisadas as séries temporais dos Territórios de Desenvolvimento para cada indicador, assim como a análise em painel com modelos de dependência e independência entre os indicadores, considerando o estado de Minas Gerais como um todo. Os resultados obtidos através dos tratamentos estatísticos dos dados confirmam pontos relatados na literatura e em outras regiões do país. Por fim, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo no Território de Desenvolvimento Mata para aplicação do Indicador de Qualidade de Aterro de Resíduos (IQR) em aterros sanitários de quatro municípios (A, B, C e D), obtendo pontuação final 4,3; 9,8; 10,0 e 4,3, respectivamente. Considerando que os AS dos municípios A e D são administrados pela prefeitura, sem apoio da iniciativa privada, percebe-se que o poder público ainda enfrenta dificuldades em função dos altos custos de operação de um aterro sanitário e pela falta de equipe qualificada para administração do mesmo. É notório que problemas como ausência de corpo técnico capacitado, dificuldades de gerir recursos e ausência de educação ambiental nos municípios resultam em indicadores baixos e divergentes entre si. Dada a dificuldade da população de separar e acondicionar adequadamente seus resíduos e das prefeituras de coletar, transportar, tratar e dispor esses resíduos ao mesmo tempo que órgãos federais vão de encontro a natureza das autarquias responsáveis pelas regulamentações do manejo de RSU, percebe-se poucos avanços deste serviço e o cenário ainda é preocupante

Comercialización De La Carne De Pollo En El Municipio De Santa Marta

La presente investigación de carácter exploratorio, tiene como fundamento, analizar el aspecto de la comercialización de la carne de pollo en la ciudad de Santa Marta. Contempla este análisis el estudio de los diferentes agentes que intervienen en la distribución del producto. Para llevar a cabo el estudio empleamos la siguiente metodología: el método utilizado es el empírico abstracto, ya que éste tiene como base experiencia y observación directa, para investigar el número de personas que se encuentran involucradas en la actividad, que aproximadamente suman nueve, para los mayoristas cinco, por los minoristas veinticinco y los detallistas que comprenden todas las tiendas que expenden el producto terminado. Se analizaron entrevistas con el personal vincula do al sector productivo y a todas las entidades crediticias. Para el procesamiento de datos, se utilizó la tabulación simple. La Hipótesis Central consistió en: La comercialización de la carne de pollo tiene una gran incidencia para el desarrollo integral de la industria, problemas de inadecuados canales de comercialización, ineficaz infraestructura de apoyo al mercado, falta de adecuadas políticas 7 de fomento, insuficiencia de recursos de crédito y los altos costos de concentrados que constituyen obstáculos para el desarrollo de la actividad avícola en la ciudad de Santa Marta. Las variables utilizadas en el análisis de la hipótesis fueron: infraestructura de apoyo al mercado, escasa política de fomento par parte del Estado, materias primas y concentrados alimenticios. Se comprobó que el problema de la comercialización de la carne de pollo en la ciudad de Santa Marta se ve afectado por el inadecuado manejo, efecto del estado de la infraestructura de apoyo, falta de adecuadas políticas de fomento, insuficiencia en los recursos de crédito, alto costo de los alimentos concentrados y el aumento del contrabando, el cual, de no tomar sus medidas efectivas, harán desaparecer la actividad avícola en nuestra ciudad. El transporte y el almacenamiento, se constituyen en una inadecuada infraestructura que no le permiten al productor desarrollar eficiente mente su actividad. Son escasas las políticas de crédito hacia la actividad avícola en la ciudad. Los altos costos de producción en que se incurre para producir un ave no le permite a las granjas pequeñas subsistir, lo que conlleva a que nuestros productores no puedan competir con los, de otras regiones

A 12-month Follow-Up Study of Pulp Oxygen Saturation in Deciduous Molars After Selective and Nonselective Carious-Tissue Removal: A Randomized Pilot Trial

Objective: To compare the pulp vitality of deciduous molars before and after selective caries removal (SCR) or nonselective caries removal to hard dentin (NSCR) over one year, using oxygen saturation percentage (%SaO2). Material and Methods: Deciduous molars with deep occlusal/proximal-occlusal caries lesions were randomized to SCR (n=22) or NSCR groups (n=22). After the caries removal, the teeth were protected with calcium hydroxide cement and restored with composite resin (Filtek Z250). The pulp condition diagnosis was evaluated at baseline, immediately after caries removal, and follow-up (7 days, 1-, 6- and 12-months) by %SaO2. Pulp exposure and pulp necrosis were primary outcomes, and %SaO2 was secondary. Results: Intraoperative pulp exposure occurred in four teeth of the NSCR group (18.2%) and one tooth of the SCR group (4.5%) (p>0.05). Two cases of pulp necrosis occurred in the NSCR group (10%). No difference in %SaO2 pulp was observed in the inter-and intragroup comparison over time (p>0.05). Conclusion: Advantageously, the %SaO2 minimizes preoperatory pulp vitality diagnosis subjectivity before SCR/ NSCR treatments. Furthermore, the pilot study results suggest the pulp response of deciduous molars, when evaluated by clinical, radiographic, and pulp %SaO2 seems not to differ between teeth treated with SCR or NSCR

A 12-month Follow-Up Study of Pulp Oxygen Saturation in Deciduous Molars After Selective and Nonselective Carious-Tissue Removal: A Randomized Pilot Trial

Objective: To compare the pulp vitality of deciduous molars before and after selective caries removal (SCR) or nonselective caries removal to hard dentin (NSCR) over one year, using oxygen saturation percentage (%SaO2). Material and Methods: Deciduous molars with deep occlusal/proximal-occlusal caries lesions were randomized to SCR (n=22) or NSCR groups (n=22). After the caries removal, the teeth were protected with calcium hydroxide cement and restored with composite resin (Filtek Z250). The pulp condition diagnosis was evaluated at baseline, immediately after caries removal, and follow-up (7 days, 1-, 6- and 12-months) by %SaO2. Pulp exposure and pulp necrosis were primary outcomes, and %SaO2 was secondary. Results: Intraoperative pulp exposure occurred in four teeth of the NSCR group (18.2%) and one tooth of the SCR group (4.5%) (p>0.05). Two cases of pulp necrosis occurred in the NSCR group (10%). No difference in %SaO2 pulp was observed in the inter-and intragroup comparison over time (p>0.05). Conclusion: Advantageously, the %SaO2 minimizes preoperatory pulp vitality diagnosis subjectivity before SCR/ NSCR treatments. Furthermore, the pilot study results suggest the pulp response of deciduous molars, when evaluated by clinical, radiographic, and pulp %SaO2 seems not to differ between teeth treated with SCR or NSCR

Paraganglioma de bexiga - Relato de um caso e revisão da literatura

Um caso raro de paraganglioma da bexiga urinária funcionante, metastático para osso, é apresentado juntamente com unia revisão da literatura médica. Paragangliomas são tumores que surgem das células paragangliônicas dispersas ao longo dos gânglios autônomos e que produzem sintomas por secreção de catecolaminas (tumores funcionantes) ou por expansão tumoral local. Eles podem originar metástase para ossos, pulmões, linfonodos e cérebro, e, ocasionalmente causar compressão da medula espinhal. Paragangliomas vesicais representam cerca de 0,06% de todos os tumores da bexiga, afetando mais comumente a região do trígono ou próximo ao orifício ureteral, seguida por localização na cúpula ou na parede lateral do órgão. A clássica síndrome miccional, que consiste de cefaléia, palpitação, hipertensão paroxística e hematúria é discutida, assim como são sumarizadas as características clínicas e radiológicas desses tumores. Discutem-se ainda os princípios gerais do diagnóstico e do tratamento, considerando-se todos os métodos terapêuticos disponíveis, que compreendem a cirurgia, a radioterapia, a quimioterapia e mais recentemente a meta-iodo-henzilguanidina

Zoonotic Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1), Egypt, 2006–2009

A lower case-fatality rate may have been caused by a less virulent virus clade

Limiting factors in Escherichia coli fed-batch production of recombinant proteins

9 Pág.Fed-batch production of recombinant beta-galactosidase in E. coli was studied with respect to the specific growth rate at induction. The cultivations were designed to induce protein production by IPTG at a glucose feed rate corresponding to high mu = 0.5 h(-1)) or low (mu = 0.1 h(-1)) specific growth rate. Protein production rate was approximately 100% higher at the higher specific growth rate, resulting in the accumulation of beta-galactosidase up to 30% of the total cell protein. Transcription analysis showed that beta-galactosidase-specific messenger RNA was immediately formed after induction (<5 min), but the amount was the same in both cases and was thus not the initial limiting factor. The content of ribosomes, as represented by rRNA, rapidly decreased with specific growth rate from a relative level of 100%, at the high specific growth rate, to 20% at the low specific growth rate. At high specific growth rate, ribosomes were additionally degraded upon induction due to the high production level. Translation therefore seemed to be the initial limiting factor of the protein synthesis capacity. The alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate increased at both high and low feed level inductions, indicating an induction-forced starvation of charged tRNA and/or glucose. The altered physiological status was also detected by the formation of acetic acid. However, the higher production rate resulted in high-level accumulation of acetic acid, which was absent at low feed rate production. Acetic acid production is thus coupled to the high product formation rate and is proposed to be due either to a precursor drain of Krebs cycle intermediates and a time lag before induction of the glyoxalate shunt, or to single amino acid overflow, since the model product is relatively poor in glycin and alanin. In conclusion, it is proposed that production at high specific growth rate becomes precursor-limited, while production at low specific growth rate is carbon- and/or energy-limited.Contract grant number: BIO4-CT98-0167Peer reviewe

Determination of germ tube, phospholipase, and proteinase production by bloodstream isolates of Candida albicans

Candida albicans is a commensal and opportunistic agent that causes infection in immunocompromised individuals. Several attributes contribute to the virulence and pathogenicity of this yeast, including the production of germ tubes (GTs) and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, particularly phospholipase and proteinase. This study aimed to investigate GT production and phospholipase and proteinase activities in bloodstream isolates of C. albicans. Methods: One hundred fi fty-three C. albicans isolates were obtained from blood samples and analyzed for GT, phospholipase, and proteinase production. The assays were performed in duplicate in egg yolk medium containing bovine serum albumin and human serum. Results: Detectable amounts of proteinase were produced by 97% of the isolates, and 78% of the isolates produced phospholipase. GTs were produced by 95% of the isolates. A majority of the isolates exhibited low levels of phospholipase production and high levels of proteinase production. Conclusions: Bloodstream isolates of C. albicans produce virulence factors such as GT and hydrolytic enzymes that enable them to cause infection under favorable conditions