129 research outputs found
Predictions of variable mass loss for Luminous Blue Variables
We present radiation-driven wind models for Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs)
and predict their mass-loss rates. We study the effects of lower masses and
modified abundances in comparison to the normal OB supergiants, and we find
that the main difference in mass loss is due to the lower masses of LBVs. In
addition, we find that the increase in helium abundance changes the mass-loss
properties by small amounts (up to about 0.2 dex in log Mdot), while CNO
processing is relatively unimportant for the mass-loss rate. A comparison
between our mass loss predictions and the observations is performed for four
relatively well-studied LBVs. The comparison shows that (i) the winds of LBVs
are driven by radiation pressure on spectral lines, (ii) the variable mass loss
behaviour of LBVs during their S Doradus-type variation cycles is explained by
changes in the line driving efficiency, notably due to the
recombination/ionisation of Fe IV/III and Fe III/II, and finally, (iii) the
winds of LBVs can be used to derive their masses, as exemplified by the case of
AG Car, for which we derive a present-day mass of 35 Msun.Comment: 12 pages; A&A accepte
On the nature of the bi-stability jump in the winds of early-type supergiants
We study the origin of the observed bi-stability jump in the terminal
velocity of the winds of supergiants near spectral type B1. To this purpose, we
have calculated a grid of wind models and mass-loss rates for these stars. The
models show that the mass-loss rate 'jumps' by a factor of five around spectral
type B1. Up to now, a theoretical explanation of the observed bi-stability jump
was not yet provided by radiation driven wind theory. The models demonstrate
that the subsonic part of the wind is dominated by the line acceleration due to
Fe. The elements C, N and O are important line drivers in the supersonic part
of the wind. We demonstrate that the mass-loss rate 'jumps' due to an increase
in the line acceleration of Fe III below the sonic point. Finally, we discuss
the possible role of the bi-stability jump on the mass loss during typical
variations of Luminous Blue Variable stars.Comment: Accepted by A&A, 19 pages Latex, 10 figure
Simplified models of stellar wind anatomy for interpreting high-resolution data: Analytical approach to embedded spiral geometries
Recent high-resolution observations have shown stellar winds to harbour
complexities which strongly deviate from spherical symmetry, generally assumed
as standard wind model. One such morphology is the archimedean spiral,
generally believed to be formed by binary interactions, which has been directly
observed in multiple sources. We seek to investigate the manifestation in the
observables of spiral structures embedded in the spherical outflows of cool
stars. We aim to provide an intuitive bedrock with which upcoming ALMA data can
be compared and interpreted. By means of an extended parameter study, we model
rotational CO emission from the stellar outflow of asymptotic giant branch
stars. To this end, we develop a simplified analytical parametrised description
of a 3D spiral structure. This model is embedded into a spherical wind, and fed
into the 3D radiative transfer code LIME, which produces 3D intensity maps
throughout velocity space. Subsequently, we investigate the spectral signature
of rotational transitions of CO of the models, as well as the spatial aspect of
this emission by means of wide-slit PV diagrams. Additionally, the potential
for misinterpretation of the 3D data in a 1D context is quantified. Finally, we
simulate ALMA observations to explore the impact of interefrometric noise and
artifacts on the emission signatures. The spectral signatures of the CO
rotational transition v=0 J=3-2 are very efficient at concealing the dual
nature of the outflow. Only a select few parameter combinations allow for the
spectral lines to disclose the presence of the spiral structure. The inability
to disentangle the spiral from the spherical signal can result in an incorrect
interpretation in a 1D context. Consequently, erroneous mass loss rates would
be calculated..
BONNSAI: a Bayesian tool for comparing stars with stellar evolution models
Powerful telescopes equipped with multi-fibre or integral field spectrographs
combined with detailed models of stellar atmospheres and automated fitting
techniques allow for the analysis of large number of stars. These datasets
contain a wealth of information that require new analysis techniques to bridge
the gap between observations and stellar evolution models. To that end, we
develop BONNSAI (BONN Stellar Astrophysics Interface), a Bayesian statistical
method, that is capable of comparing all available observables simultaneously
to stellar models while taking observed uncertainties and prior knowledge such
as initial mass functions and distributions of stellar rotational velocities
into account. BONNSAI can be used to (1) determine probability distributions of
fundamental stellar parameters such as initial masses and stellar ages from
complex datasets, (2) predict stellar parameters that were not yet
observationally determined and (3) test stellar models to further advance our
understanding of stellar evolution. An important aspect of BONNSAI is that it
singles out stars that cannot be reproduced by stellar models through
hypothesis tests and posterior predictive checks. BONNSAI can be
used with any set of stellar models and currently supports massive
main-sequence single star models of Milky Way and Large and Small Magellanic
Cloud composition. We apply our new method to mock stars to demonstrate its
functionality and capabilities. In a first application, we use BONNSAI to test
the stellar models of Brott et al. (2011a) by comparing the stellar ages
inferred for the primary and secondary stars of eclipsing Milky Way binaries.
Ages are determined from dynamical masses and radii that are known to better
than 3%. We find that the stellar models reproduce the Milky Way binaries well.
BONNSAI is available through a web-interface at
http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/stars/bonnsai.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A; 15 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables;
BONNSAI is available through a web-interface at
http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/stars/bonnsa
Effect of binary evolution on the inferred initial and final core masses of hydrogen-rich, Type~II supernova progenitors
The majority of massive stars, the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae
(SNe), are found in close binary systems. Zapartas et al. (2019) modeled the
fraction of hydrogen-rich, Type II SN progenitors which have their evolution
affected by mass exchange with their companion, finding this to be between 1/3
and 1/2 for most assumptions. Here we study in more depth the impact of this
binary history of Type II SN progenitors on their final pre-SN core mass
distribution, using population synthesis simulations. We find that binary star
progenitors of Type II SNe typically end their life with a larger core mass
than they would have had if they had lived in isolation, because they gained
mass or merged with a companion before explosion. The combination of the
diverse binary evolutionary paths typically lead to a marginally shallower
final core mass distribution. Discussing our results in the context of the red
supergiant problem, i.e., the reported lack of detected high luminosity
progenitors, we conclude that binary evolution does not seem to significantly
affect the issue. This conclusion is quite robust against our variations in the
assumptions of binary physics. We also predict that inferring the initial
masses of Type II SN progenitors from "age-dating" its surrounding environment
systematically yields lower masses compared to methods that probe the pre-SN
core mass or luminosity. A robust discrepancy between the inferred initial
masses of a SN progenitor from those different techniques could indicate an
evolutionary history of binary mass accretion or merging.Comment: Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 64
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