Bioturbation in a Declining Oxygen Environment, in situ Observations from Wormcam

Bioturbation, the displacement and mixing of sediment particles by fauna or flora, facilitates life supporting processes by increasing the quality of marine sediments. In the marine environment bioturbation is primarily mediated by infaunal organisms, which are susceptible to perturbations in their surrounding environment due to their sedentary life history traits. Of particular concern is hypoxia, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations ≤2.8 mg l−1, a prevalent and persistent problem that affects both pelagic and benthic fauna. A benthic observing system (Wormcam) consisting of a buoy, telemetering electronics, sediment profile camera, and water quality datasonde was developed and deployed in the Rappahannock River, VA, USA, in an area known to experience seasonal hypoxia from early spring to late fall. Wormcam transmitted a time series of in situ images and water quality data, to a website via wireless internet modem, for 5 months spanning normoxic and hypoxic periods. Hypoxia was found to significantly reduce bioturbation through reductions in burrow lengths, burrow production, and burrowing depth. Although infaunal activity was greatly reduced during hypoxic and near anoxic conditions, some individuals remained active. Low concentrations of DO in the water column limited bioturbation by infaunal burrowers and likely reduced redox cycling between aerobic and anaerobic states. This study emphasizes the importance of in situ observations for understanding how components of an ecosystem respond to hypoxia

Variations in sediment stability and biogeochemical parameters across Skeffling mudflat, Humber Estaury

The generic importance of biogenic mediation of sediment erosion and transport is a matter of debate and a multidisciplinary approach is required to investigate biologically mediated mechanisms of sediment stability. Biogenic influence on sediment behaviour can be inferred from a variety of correlative parameters that act as proxies for biological effects. These include pigment content, organic content and biomass. These biological "indicators" are routinely measured by biologists on a number of differing scales and depth resolutions. Few attempts have been made to examine the importance of an appropriate "match" between the erosion process, the measured physical response and the scale/resolution of the measured biological parameter. This scale dependency was examined along an extensive shore normal transect on the Skeffling mudflat (Humber Estuary, UK), Measurements of physical sediment properties, macrobenthos and selected biogeochemical properties (extracellular polymeric substances) were made. Biogeochemical properties were measured on a "traditional" cm scale and at a depth resolution of 5 mm but also on a microspatial scale, at a 0.2 mm depth resolution. Sediment stability was measured using a cohesive strength meter (CSM). Correlation analysis was used to determine the interactions between variables. A complementary investigation of the sediment micro-fabric (low-temperature scanning electron microscopy) was also conducted. Results demonstrate that the depth resolution of biogeochemical measurements is an influential factor in the interpretation of the biogenic stabilisation of intertidal cohesive sediments. Sediment stability varied with time and with bed feature. Stability increased with time except where influenced by other factors such as rain which markedly reduce surface stability. Critical erosion threshold increased towards the shore whilst suspension index (erosion rate) decreased, and crests were generally more stable than troughs. The study emphasises the temporal and spatial variability of mudflat stability and the importance of biological processes on the erosional behaviour of cohesive sediments. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.</p

Variations in sediment stability and biogeochemical parameters across Skeffling mudflat, Humber Estaury

The generic importance of biogenic mediation of sediment erosion and transport is a matter of debate and a multidisciplinary approach is required to investigate biologically mediated mechanisms of sediment stability. Biogenic influence on sediment behaviour can be inferred from a variety of correlative parameters that act as proxies for biological effects. These include pigment content, organic content and biomass. These biological "indicators" are routinely measured by biologists on a number of differing scales and depth resolutions. Few attempts have been made to examine the importance of an appropriate "match" between the erosion process, the measured physical response and the scale/resolution of the measured biological parameter. This scale dependency was examined along an extensive shore normal transect on the Skeffling mudflat (Humber Estuary, UK), Measurements of physical sediment properties, macrobenthos and selected biogeochemical properties (extracellular polymeric substances) were made. Biogeochemical properties were measured on a "traditional" cm scale and at a depth resolution of 5 mm but also on a microspatial scale, at a 0.2 mm depth resolution. Sediment stability was measured using a cohesive strength meter (CSM). Correlation analysis was used to determine the interactions between variables. A complementary investigation of the sediment micro-fabric (low-temperature scanning electron microscopy) was also conducted. Results demonstrate that the depth resolution of biogeochemical measurements is an influential factor in the interpretation of the biogenic stabilisation of intertidal cohesive sediments. Sediment stability varied with time and with bed feature. Stability increased with time except where influenced by other factors such as rain which markedly reduce surface stability. Critical erosion threshold increased towards the shore whilst suspension index (erosion rate) decreased, and crests were generally more stable than troughs. The study emphasises the temporal and spatial variability of mudflat stability and the importance of biological processes on the erosional behaviour of cohesive sediments. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.</p

Fine sediment transport by tidal asymmetry in the high-concentrated Ems River: Indications for a regime shift in response to channel deepening

This paper describes an analysis of the observed up-river transport of fine sediments in the Ems River, Germany/Netherlands, using a 1DV POINT MODEL, accounting for turbulence-induced flocculation and sediment-induced buoyancy destruction. From this analysis, it is inferred that the net up-river transport is mainly due to an asymmetry in vertical mixing, often referred to as internal tidal asymmetry. It is argued that the large stratification observed during ebb should be attributed to a profound interaction between turbulence-induced flocculation and sediment-induced buoyancy destruction, as a result of which the river became an efficient trap for fine suspended sediment. Moreover, an asymmetry in flocculation processes was found, such that during flood relative large flocs are transported at relative large flow velocity high in the water column, whereas during ebb, the larger flocs are transported at smaller velocities close to the bed—this asymmetry contributes to the large trapping mentioned above. The internal tidal asymmetry and asymmetry in flocculation processes are both driven by the pronounced asymmetry in flow velocities, with flood velocities almost twice the ebb values. It is further argued that this efficient trapping is the result of a continuous deepening of the river, and occurs when concentrations in the river become typically a few hundred mg/l; this was the case during the 1990 survey analyzed in this paper. We also speculate that a second regime shift did occur in the river when fluid mud layers become so thick that net transport rates are directly related to the asymmetry in flow velocity itself, probably still in conjunction with internal asymmetry as well. This would yield an efficient mechanism to transport large amounts of fine sediment far up-river, as currently observed.Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience

Weak diurnal changes in the biochemical properties and benthic macrofauna of urbanised mangrove forests and mudflats

Diurnal changes in the biochemical properties and the benthic macrofaunal assemblage of sediments in urbanised mangrove forests and their adjacent mudflats in Sydney Harbour were investigated. Behavioural and physiological changes in the microphytobenthos between day and night were predicted to cause diurnal changes in the micro-scale depth distribution of chlorophylls a and b and colloidal carbohydrate. In addition, because macrofauna can alter sediment properties, diurnal changes in the macrofaunal assemblages were investigated. The microphytobenthos at the study sites were predominantly filamentous green algae, although diatoms were present. Samples for biochemical analysis were collected from the top 2 mm of sediment using mini-cryolanders, during low tide in the day and at night. Three biochemical properties of the sediments were measured spectrophotometrically: chlorophylls a and b (surrogate for microphytobenthos biomass) and colloidal carbohydrate. The amount of chlorophylls tended to be less at night than during the day, but site to site variability was large and these differences were generally small and not significant. Depth profiles indicated that there was some redistribution of pigments in the surface 2 mm between day and night, possibly due to migration of microphytobenthos or physiological changes. There was no significant difference in chlorophylls between the mangrove forest and adjacent mudflat, with the exception of chlorophyll b at one sampling time, which was larger in the mangrove forest than on the mudflat. Colloidal carbohydrate was significantly larger in the mangrove forest and significantly less on the mudflat during the day at one site at one time, but otherwise showed no significant differences between day and night or between the mangrove forest and mudflat. Whilst there were some differences in the benthic macrofaunal assemblages between day and night, these differences were only significant for spionids and polychaetes at one time. There were, however, significant differences in assemblages of benthic macrofauna between the mangrove forest and mudflat, probably due to structural differences between these habitats such as the presence of pneumatophores, shade and leaf litter. In summary, there was some minor diurnal variation in the measured biochemical properties of the sediment, but not in the macrofaunal assemblage. Diurnal changes should, therefore, be considered when investigating biochemical properties in these habitats, but they are not a major influence. These findings contrast to previous studies on diatom dominated mudflats in Europe, where stronger diurnal changes in biochemical properties were found. Diurnal changes in the macrofauna assemblages were largely insignificant and therefore could not explain the changes in the biochemical properties. Diurnal effects on the macrofauna in these habitats are more likely to be via altered behaviours and this requires further investigation