Surveying of gullies in mines from Basin of High Jacaré-Guaçu River, proposals for \"recuperation\"

O trabalho em questão objetivou a realização de análise de áreas degradadas por voçorocas e mineradoras da bacia hidrográfica do Alto Rio Jacaré-Guaçu, propicando o conhecimento do número destas áreas, caracterização da região de ocorrência, cadastramento, indicando regiões críticas com relação a ocorrência destas degradações e relacionando propostas para \"recuperação\" destas áreas, ou seja, propor medidas de contenção, que evitem ou minimizem a continuidade dos impactos gerados por estas. O trabalho de campo, entrevistas e as análises cartográficas possibilitaram um melhor entendimento do problema das áreas degradadas na região de abrangência do estudo, subsidiando uma lista de propostas para \"recuperação\'\' ou minimização dos impactos causados. A legislação vigente contempla o assunto de forma abrangente e proporciona meios de exigir a recuperação destas áreas. Como resultado do trabalho constatamos que das 124 áreas cadastradas somente quatro estavam sofrendo alguma intervenção para minimizar o problema. Sobre a \"recuperação\" foi elaborada uma pequena lista das espécies nativas e exóticas encontradas nas áreas degradadas cadastradas neste trabalho. A realização deste cadastramento das voçorocas poderá ser utilizado como importante instrumento para elaboração de planos de trabalho para aplicação do Decreto Estadual 41.719 de 16 de abril de 1997.The analysis of degraded areas by gullies and mines from hydrographic basin of High Jacaré-Guaçu River was intended by this work, what propitiated the information of number of these areas, characterization of occurrenc region and registration; critical regions were indicated in relation to occurrence of these degradations: proposal for \"recuperation\" of these areas were related. In another words, ways for contention, which can avoid or minimize the continuity of impacts produced by those were proposed. The field-work, interviews and cartographical analysis enabled better understanding for the problem of degraded areas in region of study reaching, helping a list of proposals to \"recuperation\'\' or minimization of impacts caused. The in effect legislation contemplates the subject in a reachable way and provides ways to demanding recuperation of these areas. As result of work was verified that of 124 registraded areas just 4 were suffering some intervention to minimize the problem. About \"recuperation\" a small list of native and exotic species, which are found in degraded areas registred in this work, were elaborated. The realization of this registration of gullies can be used as an important instrument to elaboration of work plans to application of State Decree 41.719 from April 16, 1997

Normas preliminares dris e faixas de suficiência para goiabeira 'Paluma'

O diagnóstico nutricional a partir da análise do tecido foliar é um instrumento eficiente para detectar desequilíbrios e auxiliar no processo de recomendação de adubação. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre os índices DRIS e os teores foliares de nutrientes, estabelecer teores foliares adequados de nutrientes com o DRIS e validar normas DRIS para a goiabeira 'Paluma'. Avaliou-se um pomar comercial nas condições de cultivo do Estado de São Paulo, durante seis safras de produção de frutos, provenientes de ensaios de adubação orgânica e mineral, totalizando 168 amostras. A ordem dos nutrientes limitantes por falta em ordem decrescente foram: Fe>K>Mn>Ca>B>N>P>Cu>S>Mg>Zn, e limitantes por excesso em ordem decrescente foram: Cu>Fe>P>Mn=Mg>Zn>Ca>B>K>S>N. As faixas adequadas, provenientes dos índices DRIS, são: 18-21; 1,5-1,7; 15-17; 8-11; 1,8-2,5 e 2,5-2,9 (g kg-1) para os macronutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, respectivamente, e 26-38; 5-57; 54-112; 53-101 e 13-126 (mg kg-1) para os micronutrientes B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, respectivamente. A produtividade das goiabeiras esteve associada ao estado nutricional.The nutritional diagnosis based on the analysis of leaf tissue is an efficient tool for detecting imbalances and help the process of fertilization recommendation. Thus, it was evaluated to establish preliminary DRIS norms, and to derive critical levels and sufficiency ranges of nutrients in the leaf tissue to Paluma guava cultivar in commercial orchards growing conditions in the State of São Paulo. It was evaluated six harvests of fruit production, from organic and mineral fertilizer, totaling 168 samples. The order of limiting nutrients for failure in descending order were: Fe> K> Mn> Ca> B> N> P> Cu> S> Mg> Zn, and limiting excess in descending order were: Cu> Fe> P> Mn = Mg> Zn> Ca> B> K> S> N. The tracks from the appropriate DRIS indices are: 18-21, 1.5 to 1.7, 15-17, 8-11, 1.8 to 2.5 and 2.5 to 2.9 (g kg-1) for the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively, and 26-38, 5-57, 54-112, 53-101 and 13-126 (mg kg-1) for the micronutrients B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, respectively. The yield of guava was related to nutritional status

Normas preliminares dris e faixas de suficiência para goiabeira 'Paluma' Preliminary dris norms and sufficiency range for 'Paluma' guava tree

O diagnóstico nutricional a partir da análise do tecido foliar é um instrumento eficiente para detectar desequilíbrios e auxiliar no processo de recomendação de adubação. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre os índices DRIS e os teores foliares de nutrientes, estabelecer teores foliares adequados de nutrientes com o DRIS e validar normas DRIS para a goiabeira 'Paluma'. Avaliou-se um pomar comercial nas condições de cultivo do Estado de São Paulo, durante seis safras de produção de frutos, provenientes de ensaios de adubação orgânica e mineral, totalizando 168 amostras. A ordem dos nutrientes limitantes por falta em ordem decrescente foram: Fe>K>Mn>Ca>B>N>P>Cu>S>Mg>Zn, e limitantes por excesso em ordem decrescente foram: Cu>Fe>P>Mn=Mg>Zn>Ca>B>K>S>N. As faixas adequadas, provenientes dos índices DRIS, são: 18-21; 1,5-1,7; 15-17; 8-11; 1,8-2,5 e 2,5-2,9 (g kg-1) para os macronutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, respectivamente, e 26-38; 5-57; 54-112; 53-101 e 13-126 (mg kg-1) para os micronutrientes B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, respectivamente. A produtividade das goiabeiras esteve associada ao estado nutricional.<br>The nutritional diagnosis based on the analysis of leaf tissue is an efficient tool for detecting imbalances and help the process of fertilization recommendation. Thus, it was evaluated to establish preliminary DRIS norms, and to derive critical levels and sufficiency ranges of nutrients in the leaf tissue to Paluma guava cultivar in commercial orchards growing conditions in the State of São Paulo. It was evaluated six harvests of fruit production, from organic and mineral fertilizer, totaling 168 samples. The order of limiting nutrients for failure in descending order were: Fe> K> Mn> Ca> B> N> P> Cu> S> Mg> Zn, and limiting excess in descending order were: Cu> Fe> P> Mn = Mg> Zn> Ca> B> K> S> N. The tracks from the appropriate DRIS indices are: 18-21, 1.5 to 1.7, 15-17, 8-11, 1.8 to 2.5 and 2.5 to 2.9 (g kg-1) for the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively, and 26-38, 5-57, 54-112, 53-101 and 13-126 (mg kg-1) for the micronutrients B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, respectively. The yield of guava was related to nutritional status

Agronomic use of by-product of guava processing industry: II - nutritional status and production

The knowledge about the dynamics of nutrients from the application of organic waste is needed, especially in order to recycle, since the quantity of these materials has increased rapidly over time. Thus, this study aimed to assess the nutritional status and yield of guava, depending on application of by-product from the guava processing industry. The experimental was a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications, the doses of by-product were equal zero, 9, 18, 27 and 36 t ha-1 (dry weight of the material). There were five applications of waste in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. It was evaluated the nutritional status of guava (macronutrients and micronutrients), as well as fruit production for six consecutive years. The application of by-product in guavas processing industry promoted changes in the nutritional status and fruit production. Doses of by-product increased foliar content of N, Mg and Mn. Fruit yield increased linearly as a function of residue doses. The effects of the by-product were observed primarily in the soil, then in the leaf contents and finally in the production of fruits along the seasons.O conhecimento sobre a dinâmica dos nutrientes provenientes da aplicação de resíduos orgânicos faz-se necessário, principalmente visando sua a reciclagem, considerando que a quantidade desses materiais tem aumentado rapidamente com o tempo. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o estado nutricional e a produção de frutos de um pomar de goiabeiras, em função da aplicação do subproduto da indústria processadora de goiabas. O delineamento empregado foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo as doses do subproduto (moído) iguais a zero; 9;18; 27 e 36 t ha-1 (peso do material seco). Foram feitas cinco aplicações do subproduto em 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 e 2010. Avaliou-se o estado nutricional das goiabeiras, via diagnose foliar (macro e micronutrientes), bem como a produção de frutos por seis safras consecutivas. A aplicação do subproduto da indústria processadora de goiabas promoveu alterações no estado nutricional e na produção de frutos. As doses do subproduto incrementaram os teores foliares de N, Mg e Mn da goiabeira. A produção de goiabas cresceu de forma linear em função das doses do subproduto. Os efeitos da aplicação do subproduto foram verificados primeiramente no solo, posteriormente nos teores foliares e, finalmente, na produção de frutos, ao longo das safras

Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization in a Guava Orchard Evaluated for Five Cycles: Effects on the Plant and on Production

ABSTRACT Guava response to fertilization can be monitored through plant tissue analysis. Correct interpretation of these results, based on standard levels, is of great importance for correct nutrient management of the crop. However, standard levels are constantly criticized for not considering interactions among elements. To improve the nutritional diagnosis of &#8216;Paluma&#8217; guava (Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae), an experiment was conducted using nitrogen fertilization (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kg per plant per cycle of N, with urea as a source with 45 % N), and potassium fertilization (0, 0.55, 1.1, and 2.2 kg per plant per cycle of K2O, with potassium chloride as a source with 60 % K2O) in an irrigated commercial area for five consecutive cycles, 2009 through 2012, observing the influence of fertilizers and climate and assessing yield and leaf element content, using the concept of isometric log ratios (ilr) to interpret leaf analysis results (N, P, Ca, Mg, K, and S). This paper showed that nutrient balances and nutrient concentration values can be interpreted coherently using compositional data analysis. Ranges of nutrient balances also were established for &#8220;Paluma&#8221; guava and validated through ranges grounded in nutrient contents currently used in Brazil. Nitrogen fertilization increased &#8220;Paluma&#8221; guava yield. The 0.5 kg N application rate per plant and the other studied treatments practically showed the same results, and their values were affected by pruning time as well as the nutrient balances

Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization in a Guava Orchard Evaluated for Five Cycles: Effects on the Plant and on Production

ABSTRACT: Guava response to fertilization can be monitored through plant tissue analysis. Correct interpretation of these results, based on standard levels, is of great importance for correct nutrient management of the crop. However, standard levels are constantly criticized for not considering interactions among elements. To improve the nutritional diagnosis of &apos;Paluma&apos; guava (Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae), an experiment was conducted using nitrogen fertilization (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kg per plant per cycle of N, with urea as a source with 45 % N), and potassium fertilization (0, 0.55, 1.1, and 2.2 kg per plant per cycle of K 2 O, with potassium chloride as a source with 60 % K 2 O) in an irrigated commercial area for five consecutive cycles, 2009 through 2012, observing the influence of fertilizers and climate and assessing yield and leaf element content, using the concept of isometric log ratios (ilr) to interpret leaf analysis results (N, P, Ca, Mg, K, and S). This paper showed that nutrient balances and nutrient concentration values can be interpreted coherently using compositional data analysis. Ranges of nutrient balances also were established for &quot;Paluma&quot; guava and validated through ranges grounded in nutrient contents currently used in Brazil. Nitrogen fertilization increased &quot;Paluma&quot; guava yield. The 0.5 kg N application rate per plant and the other studied treatments practically showed the same results, and their values were affected by pruning time as well as the nutrient balances