COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Les liquides amniotique et allantoïque de l'oeuf de poule : caractérisation et rôles dans la protection de l'embryon au cours du développement

Concomitantly with the development of the embryo and extra-embryonic structures, initial chicken egg defenses are progressively altered, which suggests that alternative mechanisms appear to protect the embryo until hatching. To better understand the role of extra-embryonic fluids in the chicken egg defense during incubation, we analyzed the biochemical composition and antibacterial properties of the chicken amniotic and allantoic fluids. As for humans, the chicken amniotic fluid protects the embryo against mechanical shocks and microbial infections. Moreover, at the 12th day of incubation, the transfer of antibacterial molecules from the egg white increases the antibacterial potential of the chicken amniotic fluid, thus protecting the embryo until hatching, and probably after, all along its digestive tract, after oral absorption of the amniotic fluid. Some of these antibacterial proteins are specific to oviparous species and/or birds, which highlights the processes of evolution and adaptation of birds to their terrestrial environment. On the other hand, the antibacterial potential of the allantoic fluid still needs to be explored, but our study demonstrated the presence of active proteases, which could contribute to the digestion and recycling of embryonic metabolic wastes.Avec le développement concomitant de l’embryon et des structures extra-embryonnaires, les défenses initiales de l’oeuf de poule s’altèrent, ce qui suggère la mise en place de systèmes relais pour protéger l’embryon jusqu’à son éclosion. Pour comprendre le rôle des fluides extra-embryonnaires dans cette fonction, nous avons analysé la composition et les propriétés biochimiques et antibactériennes des fluides amniotique et allantoïque de l’oeuf. Comme chez l’humain, le fluide amniotique chez la poule protège l’embryon contre les agressions physiques et microbiennes. De plus, nous avons démontré que le transfert des molécules antibactériennes du blanc au 12ème jour d’incubation augmente son potentiel antibactérien, assurant ainsi une protection de l’embryon jusqu’à l’éclosion, et probablement après, dans son tractus digestif, après l’ingestion du fluide amniotique. Les spécificités phylogénétiques de certaines des protéines identifiées suggèrent un processus d’adaptation des oiseaux à la flore microbienne terrestre. Pour le fluide allantoïque en revanche, nous n’avons pas pu confirmer son rôle antibactérien, mais nous avons mis en évidence la présence de protéases actives qui pourraient contribuer à la digestion et au recyclage des déchets métaboliques de l’embryon

Investigating proteins and proteases composing amniotic and allantoic fluids during chicken embryonic development

In amniotes, the amniotic fluid is a significant contributor to fetal development and health. While numerous studies have been conducted in mammalian amniotic fluid, the composition of amniotic and other extraembryonic fluids in avian egg along with their physiological functions remain largely unexplored. In such a context, our objective was to characterize the chicken amniotic fluid (AmF) and allantoic fluid (AlF) properties, protein composition, and some associated functions from day 8 to day 16 of incubation. SDS-PAGE combined to mass spectrometry analysis revealed common and specific proteins to each fluid, suggesting distinct properties and functions. Indeed, major AlF proteins are mostly "egg yolk" proteins involved in lipid, vitamin metabolisms, and metal ion transport, while major AmF proteins resemble those of albumen. Drastic changes in the AmF protein profiles were observed during incubation, when the albumen transfers from day 12 onwards, while few changes were detected for the AlF protein profile. The decreases in osmolality (from 231 to 183 mOsm/kg) and pH (from 8.26 to 7.26) observed in the AlF during incubation are associated with water and electrolytes reallocation for the embryo needs. In contrast, AmF pH value remained stable (≈7.5). Active proteolytic enzymes have been identified in the 2 fluids using gelatin zymography, followed by mass spectrometry analysis for protease identification. A total of 12 proteases was detected in the AlF, compared to 5 in the AmF. We have shown that AlF concentrates proteolytic enzymes assumed to participate in digestive processes: aminopeptidase N, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, meprin A, and 72 kDa type IV collagenase preproprotein. The other proteases identified in both fluids also could have a role in morphogenesis (hepatocyte growth factor activator, suppressor of tumorigenicity 14, astacin-like metalloendopeptidase) and hemostasis (prothrombin and coagulation factor X). Altogether, these data suggest that the roles of chicken AlF and AmF are not merely associated with protection of the embryo and regulation of metabolic disposable wastes, but also they could have more sophisticated roles during embryonic development

Caractériser pour mieux comprendre le rôle des fluides amniotique et allantoïque au cours du développement de l’embryon de poulet

In oviparous, the embryonic development depends on the extra-embryonic structures, namely the yolk, amnioticand allantoic sacs. To better appreciate their role in the development of the chicken embryo, we analyzed thephysicochemical properties and biological activities of the amniotic (LA) and allantoic (LC) fluids from the 8thto 16th day of incubation. We showed that LA pH remains stable throughout the incubation (~7.5), while LC pHand osmolality values decrease significantly. Furthermore, from day 12 onwards, drastic changes in LA proteinpattern have been observed by SDS-PAGE analysis, with the transfer of egg white proteins in the amniotic sac,whereas the LC protein composition remains stable with proteins mainly coming from the egg yolk. Moreover,the LC major proteins identified by mass spectrometry are associated with lipid and vitamin metabolisms, aswell as in metal ion transport, while the LA major proteins refer to embryo’s nutrition and protection againstpathogens. On the other hand, active proteases have been identified in the two fluids using gelatin zymography.By mass spectrometry analysis, a total of 12 proteases was detected in the LC, compared to only 5 in the LA.These proteases are defined to be involved in morphogenesis and tissue remodeling, and 4 of them, uniquelyfound in the LC, are digestive proteases. Altogether, these data give new insights in the respective properties androles of LA and LC in embryo development. This study will allow us to identify biomarkers reflecting a goodembryonic development, to evaluate the impact of in ovo injections (vaccines, probiotics) on LA and LCcompositions and explore their repercussions on the development of the embryo and chick health.Chez les ovipares, le développement de l’embryon repose sur des structures extra-embryonnaires telles que les sacs vitellin, amniotique et allantoïque. Pour comprendre l’implication de ces structures dans le développement de l’embryon chez la poule, nous avons caractérisé les propriétés physicochimiques et les activités biologiques des fluides allantoïque (LC) et amniotique (LA) du 8ème au 16ème jour de l’incubation. Nous avons montré que le pH du LA reste stable tout au long de l’incubation (~7,5) tandis que le pH et l’osmolalité du LC diminuent significativement. En parallèle, des changements drastiques dans la composition du LA ont été observés par SDS-PAGE à partir du 12ème jour, avec le transfert des protéines du blanc dans le sac amniotique, alors que le LC conserve une composition protéique stable, constituée majoritairement de protéines du jaune. Une étude complémentaire par spectrométrie de masse a permis de définir les protéines majeures du LC comme impliquées dans le métabolisme des vitamines et lipides, ainsi que dans le transport d’ions métalliques, alors que celles du LA sont des protéines vraisemblablement impliquées dans la nutrition de l’embryon et dans sa protection contre les pathogènes. D’autre part, des activités protéolytiques ont été visualisées par zymographie et une analyse par spectrométrie de masse a permis d’identifier 12 protéases dans le LC contre seulement 5 dans le LA. Ces protéases sont décrites comme impliquées dans la morphogénèse et la régénération de tissus, et 4 d’entre-elles, spécifiquement identifiées dans le LC, sont des protéases digestives. Ces résultats suggèrent une implication importante des deux fluides dans les processus du développement embryonnaire. A terme, cette étude permettra d’identifier les paramètres et les molécules témoignant du bon développement de l’embryon, et d’évaluer l’impact d’injections in ovo dans ces fluides (vaccins/probiotiques) sur leur composition, et leur éventuelle répercussion sur le développement de l’embryon et la santé du futur poussin

Interview de Chen Yu-jie, cinéaste, FICA Vesoul 2017.

Interview réalisée dans le cadre du cours « Archive, patrimoine et médiation culturelle » du master de la filière « Communication et Formation Interculturelles » (CFI) de l’Inalco, lors du 23e Festival International des Cinémas d'Asie de Vesoul (FICA). [Bio] Chen Yu-jie est né en 1984 à Taichung. Diplômé en cinéma de la Tapei National University of Arts, il écrit les scénarios des films « My Transformed Family » et « Fly Mr. Kafka ». « Lost Daughter » est son premier long métrage de fiction. [Résumé du film] A Sheng, homme d’affaires taïwanais divorcé désormais installé et remarié à Pékin, est de retour à Taïwan suite au décès de sa cadette morte dans un accident de plongée. Lianlian a quitté la Chine continentale pour faire ses études à Taïwan et se rapprocher de sa demi-sœur Jiaxin, avec qui elle partage un appartement. La police soupçonne cette dernière d’être responsable du décès de Lianlian. Partagé entre les deux mères dans la douleur, celle de Taïwan et celle du continent, A Sheng assumera-t-il enfin son rôle de père vis-à-vis de son aînée ou perdra-t-il ses deux filles ? (Source FICA

Dynamics of structural barriers and innate immune components during incubation of the avian egg : critical interplay between autonomous embryonic development and maternal anticipation

The integrated innate immune features of the calcareous egg and its contents are a critical underpinning of the remarkable evolutionary success of the Aves clade. Beginning at the time of laying, the initial protective structures of the egg, i.e., the biomineralized eggshell, egg-white antimicrobial peptides, and vitelline membrane, are rapidly and dramatically altered during embryonic development. The embryo-generated extra-embryonic tissues (chorioallantoic/amniotic membranes, yolk sac, and associated chambers) are all critical to counteract degradation of primary egg defenses during development. With a focus on the chick embryo (Gallus gallus domesticus), this review describes the progressive transformation of egg innate immunity by embryo-generated structures and mechanisms over the 21-day course of egg incubation, and also discusses the critical interplay between autonomous development and maternal anticipation

El abordage Cognitivo-Comportamental de los sueños de alcoholicos

This work is aimed to carry out a theoretical review of sleep and dreams of alcoholics according to cognitive-behavioral therapy, and focusing on cognitive and neuroligical aspects. Considering that this approach is more indicated to chemical dependency, dreams, which are frequently used in Psychoanalytic Therapy, have to be studied under a cognitive-behavioral approach, so they could be used in clinics with these patients. The alterations in sleep of alcoholics, for example, could be taken as an alert about the risk of relapse, which indicate that sleep evaluation can not be disregarded by professionals, during the treatment of these patients. The reporting of dreams, by itself, can be a therapeutic instrument, very valuable at offering clues in respect of how much cravings are present in those who are trying to keep clean. If the professionals are successful about early identification of a risk situation as a craving, they could be more effective about the prevention of relapse. We concluded about the necessity of new researches on dreams according to this theoretical approach, as well as to evaluate their application in the chemical dependency field.Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar uma revisión teórica a respecto del sueño y de los sueños de alcohólicos, teniendo en vista la Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental, profundizando aspectos cognitivos y neurológicos. Em la medida en que éste es el abordaje psicoterápico más indicado para dependencia química, los sueños, utilizados en la Terapia psicoanalítica, tuvieron que ser estudiados sobre el enfoque cognitivo-comportamental, para que pudieran ser aprovechados en la clínica con estos pacientes. Las alteraciones em el sueño de los alcohólicos, por exemplo, pueden servir como alerta para el riesgo de recaída, lo que indica que una evaluación del sueño no puede ser desconsiderada por los profesionales durante el tratamiento de estos pacientes. El relato de los sueños, a su vez, puede ser un instrumento terapéutico muy valioso por ofrecer pistas a respecto de cuanto el craving existe en aquellos que están intentando mantenerse em abstinencia. Identificando situaciones de riesgo como el craving, los profesionales podrían ser más efectivos en la prevención de la recaída. Se concluye que existe la necesidad de realizar nuevos estudios teóricos a respecto de los sueños con este mismo abordaje teórico, así como evaluar su aplicación en el área de la dependencia química.Este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma revisão teórica a respeito do sono e dos sonhos de alcoolistas de acordo com a Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental, aprofundando aspectos cognitivos e neurológicos. Na medida em que esta é a abordagem psicoterápica mais indicada para dependência química, os sonhos, utilizados na Terapia Psicanalítica, tiveram de ser estudados sob o enfoque cognitivo-comportamental, para que pudessem ser aproveitados na clínica com estes pacientes. As alterações no sono de alcoolistas, por exemplo, pode servir como alerta quanto a um risco de recaída, o que indica que a avaliação do sono não pode ser desconsiderada pelos profissionais, durante o tratamento destes pacientes. O relato dos sonhos, por sua vez, pode ser um instrumento terapêutico muito valioso por oferecer pistas a respeito do quanto o craving está presente naqueles que estão tentando manter-se em abstinência. Se os profissionais forem bem sucedidos quanto à identificação precoce de uma situação de risco como o craving, poderão ser mais efetivos quanto à prevenção da recaída. Conclui-se quanto à necessidade de que sejam feitas novas pesquisas a respeito dos sonhos de acordo com esta abordagem teórica, bem como avaliada a sua aplicação na área da dependência química.Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do SulUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulUNIFESPSciEL

Evolution of innate immunity components during incubation of the avian egg

National audienc

Egg serpins: The chicken and/or the egg dilemma

Twenty-seven serpins belonging to clade A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I serpins are currently referenced in chicken genome databases. Phylogenetic analysis of chicken serpins revealed that ovalbumin (Serpinb14) and its paralogs ovalbumin-related protein Y (Serpinb14b) and ovalbumin-related protein X (Serpinb14c) are found in bird species. These clade B serpins are specifically expressed in reproductive tissues and exported in the egg where they constitute major protein components. These data suggest that these three paralogs have probably appeared in birds to face new environments and ensure the extra-uterine development of an embryo in a shell egg. Twelve other serpins have been identified in the newly produced egg, some of them having a specific distribution in the respective egg structures (eggshell, egg white, vitelline membrane and egg yolk). The physiological role of these egg serpins remain largely unexplored, but there is increasing evidence in literature or by homologies with their mammalian counterparts, that some of them participate in cell proliferation, tissue remodeling and/or angiogenesis associated with folliculogenesis and development of extraembryonic structures, eggshell biomineralization, egg defense and nutrition of the embryo. A better knowledge of the phylogenetic evolution of these 15 serpins in other oviparous species, on their egg distribution, on their regulation during embryonic development (activation/degradation/transfer) and on their functional specificity, is needed to better appreciate their role and their bird-specificity. These review shed light on the multiple possibilities that offer the avian egg model to study the role of serpins in reproduction and developmental biology