On the margins of minority life: Zoroastrians and the state in Safavid Iran

This article looks at the treatment of the Zoroastrians by central and provincial authorities in early modern Yazd, Kirman and Isfahan, emphasizing the institutional weaknesses of the central or khāsṣạ protection they were supposed to benefit from under the Safavids (907–1135/1501– 1722). It is argued that the maltreatment the Zoroastrians endured under the Safavids had little to do with religious bigotry. Rather, it arose from rivalries between the central and the provincial services of the Safavid bureaucracy, putting Zoroastrians in Yazd, Kirman, Sistan and Isfahan at risk of over-taxation, extortion, forced labour and religious persecution. The argument developed in this article pivots on the material interest of the central and the provincial agents of the Safavid bureaucracy in the revenue and labour potentials of the Zoroastrians, and the way in which the conflict of interest between these two sectors led to such acts of persecution as over-taxation, forced labour, extortion and violenc

فرهنگ گلستان

application/pdfCollection of explanatory notes on verses in Arabic & Persian, quoted passages from Qur'an & Hadith and sayings of saints and vocables in Gulistan, by Saʿdi Shirazī(1184?-1291)

Ḥāshiyat Ḥusayn al-Khalkhālī ʻalá Ḥāshiyat al-Sayyid ʻalá Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Muntahá, [late 17th or early 18th century].

Clear, well-annotated copy of the supergloss by al-Khalkhālī upon the gloss by ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Jurjānī, al-Sayyid al-Sharīf (d.1413) upon the commentary by ʻAḍud al-Dīn al-Ījī (d.1355?) upon Ibn al-Ḥājib's (d.1249) Mukhtaṣar al-muntahá, an abridgement of his own treatise on law according to the Mālikī school, Muntahá al-suʼāl wa-al-amal fī ʻilmay al-uṣūl wa-al-jadal. Appears to ends abruptly. Likely once part of a collective volume (majmūʻah).Shelfmark: Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Special Collections Research Center, Isl. Ms. 579Origin: Lacks dated colophon ; paper, etc. suggests mid to late 17th or early 18th century.Accompanying materials: a. Inventory cataloguing slip in hand of Winifred Smeaton Thomas -- b. Acquisitions slip from Yahuda.Former shelfmark: From hinge on upper board and spine label "IL 87" (likely supplied by Yahuda, see acquisitions slip).Binding: Fiber boards covered in shell marbled paper (mainly in grey [to lavender], blue, pink with another paper in brown and dark blue at two edges) with red leather over spine ; Type III binding (without flap) ; no board linings (i.e., interior of boards not lined, hinges and turn-ins only) ; sewn in heavy cream thread, two stations ; overall in fair condition with some abrasion, lifting and losses of paper and spine leather, etc.Support: European laid paper of a few types ; opening type with 10 laid lines per cm. (vertical), chain lines spaced 28 mm. apart (horizontal), three hats over "G C" watermark (see p.4, etc.), thin and transluscent, fairly crisp though sturdy, well-burnished ; another type with 9 laid lines per cm. (vertical), chain lines spaced 26 mm. apart (horizontal), and watermark of scrollwork / coat of arms with three bars (see p.48, 58, etc. and compare Armoiries (16) A. Indéterminées dated 1673-1717 in Velkov, Les Filigranes dans les documents Ottomans) ; another type with 11 laid lines per cm. (vertical), chain lines spaced 23 mm. apart (horizontal), and watermark of cross flanked by creatures above two circles (see p.102, etc.), thin and transluscent though sturdy, burnished ; repair (covering hole) at close (see p.128).Decoration: Keywords and abbreviation symbols (signes-de-renvoi, etc.) rubricated ; textual dividers in the form of red discs.Script: Naskh and nastaʻlīq (talik) ; two clear Turkish hands ; from opening to p.96, a fine naskh, partially but irregularly seriffed with most ascenders occasionally seriffed, marked tilt to the left, slight effect of words descending to baseline, curvilinear descenders, pointing in strokes or conjoined dots rather than distinct dots, final nūn usually reversed (recurved) ; from p.96 to close, a bold nastaʻlīq (talik), serifless with slight effect of tilt to the right and of words descending to baseline, pointing in strokes rather than distinct dots.Layout: Written mainly in 21 lines per page ; frame-ruled.Collation: 5 V(50), VII (64) ; almost exclusively quinions ; catchwords present ; foliation in black ink, Hindu-Arabic numerals (begins with ١٣٦, as though once part of a collective volume) ; pagination in pencil, Western numerals, supplied during digitization.Explicit: "فلا حاجة اليهما معا بل [؟] يكفي احدهما فقط لان الشمول"Incipit: "الحمد لله الذي تولهت الافهام في كبرياء ذاته وتحيرت الادهام [؟] في عظمة صفاته جل كبريائه في ان يحوم درك العقول ... اما بعد فهذه تعليقات على حاشية شرح المختصر لمولى العلامة ... السيد الشريف ... الفها احوج الخلائق الى رحمة [؟] ربه العالي حسين الحسين الخلخالي ..."Title from inscription on 'title page' (p.1).Ms. codex.Velkov, Asparouh. Les Filigranes dans les documents Ottomans: divers types d’images. Sofia: Éditions "Texte - A. Trayanov", 2005.Ḥājjī Khalīfah. Kashf al-ẓunūn,Brockelmann, C. GAL,Clear, well-annotated copy of the supergloss by al-Khalkhālī upon the gloss by ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Jurjānī, al-Sayyid al-Sharīf (d.1413) upon the commentary by ʻAḍud al-Dīn al-Ījī (d.1355?) upon Ibn al-Ḥājib's (d.1249) Mukhtaṣar al-muntahá, an abridgement of his own treatise on law according to the Mālikī school, Muntahá al-suʼāl wa-al-amal fī ʻilmay al-uṣūl wa-al-jadal. Appears to ends abruptly. Likely once part of a collective volume (majmūʻah).Mode of access: Internet.Acquired in 1926 from the bookseller Isaac Benjamin S.E. Yahuda via purchase transacted on his behalf by Abraham Shalom Yahuda (1877-1951), his younger brother.Extensive marginal glosses ; occasional corrections