In vivo Structural Imaging of the Cerebellum, the Contribution of Ultra-High Fields

This review covers some of the contributions to date from cerebellar imaging studies performed at ultra-high magnetic fields. A short overview of the general advantages and drawbacks of the use of such high field systems for imaging is given. One of the biggest advantages of imaging at high magnetic fields is the improved spatial resolution, achievable thanks to the increased available signal-to-noise ratio. This high spatial resolution better matches the dimensions of the cerebellar substructures, allowing a better definition of such structures in the images. The implications of the use of high field systems is discussed for several imaging sequences and image contrast mechanisms. This review covers studies which were performed in vivo in both rodents and humans, with a special focus on studies that were directed towards the observation of the different cerebellar layer

Comparison of three commercially available radio frequency coils for human brain imaging at 3 Tesla

Objective: To evaluate a transverse electromagnetic (TEM), a circularly polarized (CP) (birdcage), and a 12-channel phased array head coil at the clinical field strength of B 0 = 3T in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal homogeneity, and maps of the effective flip angle α. Materials and methods: SNR measurements were performed on low flip angle gradient echo images. In addition, flip angle maps were generated for αnominal= 30° using the double angle method. These evaluation steps were performed on phantom and human brain data acquired with each coil. Moreover, the signal intensity variation was computed for phantom data using five different regions of interest. Results: In terms of SNR, the TEM coil performs slightly better than the CP coil, but is second to the smaller 12-channel coil for human data. As expected, both the TEM and the CP coils show superior image intensity homogeneity than the 12-channel coil, and achieve larger mean effective flip angles than the combination of body and 12-channel coil with reduced radio frequency power deposition. Conclusion: At 3T the benefits of TEM coil design over conventional lumped element(s) coil design start to emerge, though the phased array coil retains an advantage with respect to SNR performanc

High spatio-temporal resolution in functional MRI with 3D echo planar imaging using cylindrical excitation and a CAIPIRINHA undersampling pattern

Purpose The combination of 3D echo planar imaging (3D‐EPI) with a 2D‐CAIPIRINHA undersampling scheme provides high flexibility in the optimization for spatial or temporal resolution. This flexibility can be increased further with the addition of a cylindrical excitation pulse, which exclusively excites the brain regions of interest. Here, 3D‐EPI was combined with a 2D radiofrequency pulse to reduce the brain area from which signal is generated, and hence, allowing either reduction of the field of view or reduction of parallel imaging noise amplification. Methods 3D‐EPI with cylindrical excitation and 4 × 3‐fold undersampling in a 2D‐CAIPIRINHA sampling scheme was used to generate functional MRI (fMRI) data with either 2‐mm or 0.9‐mm in‐plane resolution and 1.1‐s temporal resolution over a 5‐cm diameter cylinder placed over both temporal lobes for an auditory fMRI experiment. Results Significant increases in image signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and temporal SNR (tSNR) were found for both 2‐mm isotropic data and the high‐resolution protocol when using the cylindrical excitation pulse. Both protocols yielded highly significant blood oxygenation level–dependent responses for the presentation of natural sounds. Conclusion The higher tSNR of the cylindrical excitation 3D‐EPI data makes this sequence an ideal choice for high spatiotemporal resolution fMRI acquisitions. Magn Reson Med 79:2589–2596, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

A 7 Tesla fMRI Study of Amygdala Responses to Fearful Faces

The amygdalae are involved in the perception of emotions such as happiness, anger and fear. Because of their proximity to the sinuses, the image signal intensity in T2* weighted fMRI data is often affected by signal loss due to through-slice dephasing, especially at high field strength. In this study, the feasibility of fMRI in the amygdalae at 7 Tesla was investigated. A paradigm based on the presentation of fearful faces was used for stimulation. Previously, opposite effects have been found for presentation of averted and direct gaze fearful faces. Here, we show that (1) sufficiently high temporal SNR values are reached in the amygdalae for detection of small BOLD signal changes and (2) that the BOLD signal in the amygdalae for presentation of a direct or averted gaze in a fearful face depends on stimulus duratio

Distinct contributions of Brodmann areas 1 and 2 to body ownership

Although body ownership—i.e. the feeling that our bodies belong to us—modulates activity within the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), it is still unknown whether this modulation occurs within a somatotopically defined portion of S1. We induced an illusory feeling of ownership for another person's finger by asking participants to hold their palm against another person's palm and to stroke the two joined index fingers with the index and thumb of their other hand. This illusion (numbness illusion) does not occur if the stroking is performed asynchronously or by the other person. We combined this somatosensory paradigm with ultra-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging finger mapping to study whether illusory body ownership modulates activity within different finger-specific areas of S1. The results revealed that the numbness illusion is associated with activity in Brodmann area (BA) 1 within the representation of the finger stroking the other person's finger and in BA 2 contralateral to the stroked finger. These results show that changes in bodily experience modulate the activity within certain subregions of S1, with a different finger-topographical selectivity between the representations of the stroking and of the stroked hand, and reveal that the high degree of somatosensory specialization in S1 extends to bodily self-consciousnes

Comparison of an 8-Channel and a 32-Channel Coil for High-Resolution fMRI at 7T

Multi-channel receive array rf-coils have become widely available for fMRI. The improved SNR and possibility of acquisition acceleration through parallel imaging are especially beneficial for high-resolution studies. In this study, an 8-channel and a 32-channel coil were compared in a high-resolution finger tapping fMRI experiment at 7T. 1.3mm3 resolution data acquired with the 32-channel coil provided higher image- and temporal SNR and yielded higher BOLD sensitivity measures, notably higher cluster sizes in MI/SI and increased z-scores, though not an increase in percent signal change. For sub-millimeter resolution fMRI data acquired with the 32-channel coil smaller clusters were found, though percent signal changes were significantly larger, due to reduced partial volume effects. These results demonstrate the utility of the use of an array coil with a large number of receive elements for high-resolution fMRI at ultra-high field

Eddy current effects on a clinical 7T-68cm bore scanner

Introduction: Eddy currents induced by switching of magnetic field gradients can lead to distortions in short echo-time spectroscopy or diffusion weighted imaging. In small bore magnets, such as human head-only systems, minimization of eddy current effects is more demanding because of the proximity of the gradient coil to conducting structures. Methods: In the present study, the eddy current behavior achievable on a recently installed 7 tesla—68cm bore head-only magnet was characterized. Results: Residual effects after compensation were shown to be on the same order of magnitude as those measured on two whole body systems (3 and 4.7 T), while using two to three fold increased gradient slewrate

A 7 Tesla fMRI Study of Amygdala Responses to Fearful Faces

The amygdalae are involved in the perception of emotions such as happiness, anger and fear. Because of their proximity to the sinuses, the image signal intensity in T2* weighted fMRI data is often affected by signal loss due to through-slice dephasing, especially at high field strength. In this study, the feasibility of fMRI in the amygdalae at 7 Tesla was investigated. A paradigm based on the presentation of fearful faces was used for stimulation. Previously, opposite effects have been found for presentation of averted and direct gaze fearful faces. Here, we show that (1) sufficiently high temporal SNR values are reached in the amygdalae for detection of small BOLD signal changes and (2) that the BOLD signal in the amygdalae for presentation of a direct or averted gaze in a fearful face depends on stimulus duration

Sustained enhancements in inhibitory control depend primarily on the reinforcement of fronto-basal anatomical connectivity

What are the neurophysiological determinants of sustained supra-normal inhibitory control performance? We addressed this question by coupling multimodal neuroimaging and behavioral investigations of experts in fencing who underwent more than 20,000 h of inhibitory control training over 15 years. The superior control of the experts manifested behaviorally as a speeding-up of inhibition processes during a Go/NoGo task and was accompanied by changes in bilateral inferior frontal white matter microstructure. In the expert group, inhibition performance correlated positively with the fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter tracts projecting to the basal ganglia, and the total training load with the FA in supplementary motor areas. Critically, the experts showed no changes in grey matter volume or in the functional organization of the fronto-basal inhibitory control network. The fencers’ performance and neural activity during a 2-back working memory task did not differ from those of the controls, ensuring that their expertise was specific to inhibitory control. Our results indicate that while phasic changes in the patterns of neural activity and grey matter architecture accompany inhibitory control improvement after short- to medium- term training, long- lasting inhibitory control improvements primarily depend on the reinforcement of fronto- basal structural connectivity

In vivo measurement of glycine with short echo-time 1H MRS in human brain at 7 T

Object: To determine whether glycine can be measured at 7 T in human brain with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Materials and methods: The glycine singlet is overlapped by the larger signal of myo-inositol. Density matrix simulations were performed to determine the TE at which the myo-inositol signal was reduced the most, following a single spin-echo excitation. 1H MRS was performed on an actively shielded 7 T scanner, in five healthy volunteers. Results: At the TE of 30ms, the myo-inositol signal intensity was substantially reduced. Quantification using LCModel yielded a glycine-to-creatine ratio of 0.14 ±0.01, with a Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of 7 ± 1%. Furthermore, quantification of metabolites other than glycine was possible as well, with a CRLB mostly below 10%. Conclusion: It is possible to detect glycine at 7 T in human brain, at the short TE of 30ms with a single spin-echo excitation schem