Gene expression profile of cervical and skin tissues from human papillomavirus type 16 E6 transgenic mice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although K14E6 transgenic mice develop spontaneous tumors of the skin epithelium, no spontaneous reproductive tract malignancies arise, unless the transgenic mice were treated chronically with 17β-estradiol. These findings suggest that E6 performs critical functions in normal adult cervix and skin, highlighting the need to define E6-controlled transcriptional programs in these tissues.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We evaluated the expression profile of 14,000 genes in skin or cervix from young K14E6 transgenic mice compared with nontransgenic. To identify differentially expressed genes a linear model was implemented using R and the LIMMA package. Two criteria were used to select the set of relevant genes. First a set of genes with a Log-odds ≥ 3 were selected. Then, a hierarchical search of genes was based on Log Fold Changes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Microarray analysis identified a total of 676 and 1154 genes that were significantly up and down-regulated, respectively, in skin from K14E6 transgenic mice. On the other hand, in the cervix from K14E6 transgenic mice we found that only 97 and 252 genes were significantly up and down-regulated, respectively. One of the most affected processes in the skin from K14E6 transgenic mice was the cell cycle. We also found that skin from transgenic mice showed down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes and genes related to the immune response. In the cervix of K14E6 transgenic mice, we could not find affected any gene related to the cell cycle and apoptosis pathways but did observe alterations in the expression of immune response genes. Pathways such as angiogenesis, cell junction and epidermis development, also were altered in their gene expression profiles in both tissues.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Expression of the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein in our model alters expression of genes that fell into several functional groups providing insights into pathways by which E6 deregulate cell cycle progression, apoptosis, the host resistance to infection and immune function, providing new opportunities for early diagnostic markers and therapeutic drug targets.</p

Cellular binding partners of the human papillomavirus E6 protein

The high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) are known to be causative agents of cervical cancer and have recently also been implicated in cancers of the oropharynx. E6 is a potent oncogene of HR-HPVs, and its role in the progression to malignancy has been and continues to be explored. E6 is known to interact with and subsequently inactivate numerous cellular proteins pivotal in the mediation of apoptosis, transcription of tumor suppressor genes, maintenance of epithelial organization, and control of cell proliferation. Binding of E6 to these proteins cumulatively contributes to the oncogenic potential of HPV. This paper provides an overview of these cellular protein partners of HR-E6, the motifs known to mediate oncoprotein binding, and the agents that have the potential to interfere with E6 expression and activity and thus prevent the subsequent progression to oncogenesis

Self-employment and earnings among high-skilled immigrants in the United States

'This paper uses data from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Censuses to analyze the labor market experience of high-skilled immigrants relative to high-skilled natives. Immigrants are found to be more likely to be working in one of the high-skilled occupations than natives, but the gap between the two groups decreased in the 1980's. Given the high self-employment rates of this group of workers, about 20 percent, it is important to study this aspect of the labor market experience. High-skilled natives are more likely to be self-employed than high-skilled immigrants. Models of the self-employment decision, controlling for differences in socio-economic background, occupation, regional differences in immigrant population proportions, national origin and ethnicity, are estimated. Evidence of positive enclave effects an self-employment probabilities is found. Predicted earnings of self-employed immigrants are higher throughout most of their work life relative to wage/ salary immigrants and natives, as well as compared to self-employed natives. Furthermore, there appears to be very little difference in predicted earnings across national origin group of self-employed immigrants. The low variation in predicted earnings across country of origin groups is not found for wage/ salary immigrants.' (author's abstract)Auf der Basis von Volkszaehlungsdaten der Jahre 1980 und 1990 wird der Arbeitsmarkterfolg hochqualifizierter Einwanderer mit dem hochqualifizierter Einheimischer verglichen. Einwanderer arbeiten eher in hochqualifizierten Berufen als Einheimische. In den 80er Jahren begann sich dieser Graben jedoch zu schliessen. Mit einer Selbstaendigenquote von circa 20 Prozent verdient der Aspekt beruflicher Selbstaendigkeit in diesem Arbeitsmarktsegment besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Hochqualifizierte Einheimische sind eher selbstaendig als hochqualifizierte Einwanderer. Der Verfasser untersucht die Entscheidung zur beruflichen Selbstaendigkeit in Abhaengigkeit von soziooekonomischem Hintergrund, Ethnizitaet und Herkunftsland. Die Einkommen selbstaendiger Immigranten sind in der Regel hoeher als die lohnabhaengig beschaeftigter Immigranten und lohnabhaengiger oder selbstaendiger Einheimischer. Die nationale Herkunft wirkt sich bei selbstaendigen Immigranten - im Gegensatz zu lohnabhaengigen - kaum auf das Einkommen aus. (ICEUebers)German title: Berufliche Selbstaendigkeit und Einkommen bei hochqualifizierten Einwanderern in den Vereinigten StaatenSIGLEAvailable from http://www.iza.org/indexd.html / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

The effects of European Economic and Monetary Union in wage behaviour

'This paper evaluates the possible consequences of the forthcoming European and Monetary Union on wage behaviour. It will be shown that EMU does not influence wage policy directly, but rather indirectly through its implications on other areas of economic policy, predominantly on monetary policy. Consequently, EMU will put increasing pressure on using wage policy as a flexible adjustment variable, since other adjustment mechanisms shall cease to exist. Six European countries were analysed empirically, which showed that in the past, southern European countries conducted a much more expansive wage policy than northern European countries. However, this competitive disadvantage of the southern countries was more than compensated by exchange rate developments. What will happen when EMU has come into effect? Either fewer devaluation possibilities within EMU will lead to a shift in competitive positions in favour of the northern countries, or a change in wage behaviour will be observed. The descriptive analysis shows that, on the eve of EMU, wage policy has become more moderate. This trend could be accelerated by the arrival of EMU. The econometric analysis provides an argument for this: the stability of exchange rates have been proven to have a dampening effect on wage increases in the past, particularly in southern European countries. Whether the extent of these effects will be sufficient to prevent a shift in relative competitive positions, however, remains to be seen.' (author's abstract)Die Autorin untersucht die Auswirkungen der Waehrungsunion auf die Lohnpolitik und das Lohnsetzungsverhalten. (IAB)German title: Die Effekte der europaeischen Wirtschafts- und Waehrungsunion auf die LohnfindungSIGLEAvailable from IAB-471 BH 322 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDiskussionsprotokollDEGerman

Immigration policies and their impact The case of New Zealand and Australia

Die Studie analysiert die historische Entwicklung der Einwanderung nach Neuseeland und Australien seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Nach der Beschreibung der quantitativen Dimension der Immigration fuer den Zeitraum von 1979 bis 1996 versucht der Autor die Frage zu klaeren, welchen Stellenwert und welchen Beitrag die Einwanderung -hauptsaechlich in den 90er Jahren - fuer die beiden Gesellschaften hatte. Weiterhin werden die Aehnlichkeiten und Differenzen der Einwanderungspolitiken herausgearbeitet und ihr Erfolg fuer die 90er Jahre evaluiert. (ICAUebers)'The paper provides an analysis of the recent Immigration history of New Zealand and Australia. It starts with a description of the quantitative dimension of Immigration: how many immigrants entered the two countries, and what was the contribution of external migration to population growth. Next, similarities and differences in the current Immigration policies are studied. Finally, an attempt is made to evaluate policy outcomes using empirical evidence of immigrants arriving in the 1990s.' (author's abstract)German title: Immigrationspolitik und ihre Effekte: Die Beispiele Neuseeland und AustralienAvailable from http://www.iza.org/indexd.html / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Sorties from the fortress The current system of anti-immigration policies in Germany

Das Papier gibt einen kurzen synoptischen Ueberblick ueber die wesentlichen Elemente der gegenwaertigen Anti-Einwanderungspolitik in Deutschland. (IAB)'This paper gives a short synoptical overview of the most important elements of current anti-immigration policy in Germany. Based on the hypothesis that its primary aim is exclusion of new migrants, the measures taken within the framework of a groupwise nationally oriented but internationally cooperative approach are summarized. It is argued that German migration policy constitutes a complex system in which one has to take account of administrative and legal measures, as well as of applied instruments of foreign policy and development assistance. It should therefore not be characterized as a strictly defensive 'Fortress Germany' approach any more.' (author's abstract)German title: Ausfaelle aus der Festung: das aktuelle System der Anti-Einwanderungspolitik in DeutschlandAvailable from IAB-90-0DE0-313500 BG 836 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman