Tropospheric temperature measurements with the pure rotational Raman lidar technique using nonlinear calibration functions

Among lidar techniques, the pure rotational Raman (PRR) technique is the best suited for tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperature measurements. Calibration functions are required for the PRR technique to retrieve temperature profiles from lidar remote sensing data. Both temperature retrieval accuracy and number of calibration coefficients depend on the selected function. The commonly used calibration function (linear in reciprocal temperature 1∕T with two calibration coefficients) ignores all types of broadening of individual PRR lines of atmospheric N2 and O2 molecules. However, the collisional (pressure) broadening dominates over other types of broadening of PRR lines in the troposphere and can differently affect the accuracy of tropospheric temperature measurements depending on the PRR lidar system. We recently derived the calibration function in the general analytical form that takes into account the collisional broadening of all N2 and O2 PRR lines (Gerasimov and Zuev, 2016). This general calibration function represents an infinite series and, therefore, cannot be directly used in the temperature retrieval algorithm. For this reason, its four simplest special cases (calibration functions nonlinear in 1∕T with three calibration coefficients), two of which have not been suggested before, were considered and analyzed. All the special cases take the collisional PRR lines broadening into account in varying degrees and the best function among them was determined via simulation. In this paper, we use the special cases to retrieve tropospheric temperature from real PRR lidar data. The calibration function best suited for tropospheric temperature retrievals is determined from the comparative analysis of temperature uncertainties yielded by using these functions. The absolute and relative statistical uncertainties of temperature retrieval are given in an analytical form assuming Poisson statistics of photon counting. The vertical tropospheric temperature profiles, retrieved from nighttime lidar measurements in Tomsk (56.48° N, 85.05° E; Western Siberia, Russia) on 2 October 2014 and 1 April 2015, are presented as an example of the calibration functions application. The measurements were performed using a PRR lidar designed in the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences for tropospheric temperature measurements

30-year lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer state over Tomsk (Western Siberia, Russia)

There are only four lidar stations in the world which have almost continuously performed observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer (SAL) state over the last 30 years. The longest time series of the SAL lidar measurements have been accumulated at the Mauna Loa Observatory (Hawaii) since 1973, the NASA Langley Research Center (Hampton, Virginia) since 1974, and Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany) since 1976. The fourth lidar station we present started to perform routine observations of the SAL parameters in Tomsk (56.48° N, 85.05° E, Western Siberia, Russia) in 1986. In this paper, we mainly focus on and discuss the stratospheric background period from 2000 to 2005 and the causes of the SAL perturbations over Tomsk in the 2006–2015 period. During the last decade, volcanic aerosol plumes from tropical Mt. Manam, Soufrière Hills, Rabaul, Merapi, Nabro, and Kelut and extratropical (northern) Mt. Okmok, Kasatochi, Redoubt, Sarychev Peak, Eyjafjallajökull, and Grímsvötn were detected in the stratosphere over Tomsk. When it was possible, we used the NOAA HYSPLIT trajectory model to assign aerosol layers observed over Tomsk to the corresponding volcanic eruptions. The trajectory analysis highlighted some surprising results. For example, in the cases of the Okmok, Kasatochi, and Eyjafjallajökull eruptions, the HYSPLIT air mass backward trajectories, started from altitudes of aerosol layers detected over Tomsk with a lidar, passed over these volcanoes on their eruption days at altitudes higher than the maximum plume altitudes given by the Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program. An explanation of these facts is suggested. The role of both tropical and northern volcanic eruptions in volcanogenic aerosol loading of the midlatitude stratosphere is also discussed. In addition to volcanoes, we considered other possible causes of the SAL perturbations over Tomsk, i.e., the polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) events and smoke plumes from strong forest fires. At least two PSC events were detected in 1995 and 2007. We also make an assumption that the Kelut volcanic eruption (Indonesia, February 2014) could be the cause of the SAL perturbations over Tomsk during the first quarter of 2015

Collision broadening effect upon tropospheric temperature calibration functions for pure rotational Raman lidars

We present the general calibration function for temperature retrievals in the cloud-free troposphere using pure rotational Raman (PRR) lidars under the condition of the laser-beam receiver-field-of-view complete overlap. The function is derived within the framework of the semiclassical theory and takes account of the broadened by collision effects elastic backscattered signal leakage into the nearest (to the laser line) lidar PRR channel. The two simplest nonlinear special cases of the general calibration function are considered to be applied in the temperature retrieval algorithm. The vertical temperature profiles retrieved from nighttime lidar measurements in Tomsk (56.48°N, 85.05°E), on October 2, 2014, are given as an example. The measurements were performed using a PRR lidar designed in Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMCES SB RAS) for lower-atmosphere temperature-profile retrievals. © (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only

The distinctive features of plastic deformation localization in polycrystalline aluminum by creep

The research was performed for polycrystalline aluminum by steady-state creep. It is known that at the macro-scale level, deformation exhibits localized behavior. The localization patterns would propagate over the deforming sample by steady-state creep, forming thereby a kind of phase autowave. The rate of phase autowave increases with the growing extent of straining. It is demonstrated that the processes controlling the autowave rate have the same activation volume as the processes controlling the creep rate

Additive singular spectral model of a dendrochronological signal

Relevance. Allocation of structural components in a dendrochronological signal of annual rings of coniferous trees expands the possibilities of the bioindication method and allows obtaining information about changes in environmental conditions in the past for extended territories. Aim. Creation of an additive singular spectral model based on the frequency trigonometric components of the dendrochronological signal; reconstruction of changes in the total ozone content in the atmosphere in the past, affecting the level of ultraviolet radiation in the B range radiation. Objects. Time series of total ozone content in the atmosphere (data from 1932), width and density of annual rings (data from 1686–2004) on the example of the territory near the observatory in Arosa, Switzerland, time series of stable oxygen isotopes δ18Oc, France. Methods. Time series analysis (decomposition of a time series, identification of model parameters, prediction of a time series), statistical analysis (F-criterion, χ2 – Pearson criterion), experimental measurements of the percentage components of the wood of annual rings, correlation analysis, spectral singular analysis. Results. Decomposition of the dendrochronological signal of individual chronologies into trigonometric components in the Caterpillar program. Correlation analysis of the sensitivity of trees to atmospheric effects. Reconstruction of the ozone level in the stratosphere using the first trigonometric component of the dendrochronological signal. In cellulose, the first low-frequency component of the signal and the structural component of wood, a reliable response of trees to long-period fluctuations in the total ozone content is recorded. This allows assessment of the impact of the stress factor on conditions of exploitation of forest resources. The use of data on the width of the annual rings allows you to expand the territorial boundaries of the method

Using WRF mesoscale model to restore temperature profile in atmosphere boundary layer in Tomsk

In the paper, the possible use of a WRF mesoscale model for the detailed restoring of a temperature profile in the atmosphere boundary layer (ABL) during winter anticyclone is studied. The correctness of air temperature modeling as well as the possible use of a WRF model for predicting a vertical temperature distribution was show

Remote sensing of potential aircraft icing areas

Remote sensing technique of detection of potential aircraft icing areas based on temperature profile measurements, using meteorological temperature profiler, and the data of the Airfield Measuring and Information System (AMIS-RF), was proposed, theoretically described and experimentally validated during the field project in 2012 - 2013 in the Tomsk Bogashevo Airport. Spatial areas of potential aircraft icing were determined using the RAP algorithm and Godske formula. The equations for the reconstruction of profiles of relative humidity and dew point using data from AMIS-RF are given. Actual data on the aircraft icing for the Tomsk Bogashevo Airport on 11 October 2012 and 17 March 2013 are presented in this paper. The RAP algorithm and Godske formula show similar results for the location of spatial areas of potential icing. Though, the results obtained using the RAP algorithm are closer to the actual data on the icing known from aircraft crew reports

Importance of the Caspian Countries for the European Union

When there is a lack of energy resources in the EU and it has to look for suppliers from other countries, Russia provides the world with most of the oil and gas. Diversification of energy resources is one of the objectives for the EU. The majority of international participants are interested in discovering the potential of the sea. However, the development of the region’s resources still faces many obstacles, such as lack of export pipelines, difficulties due to security of supply considerations, transit complications, political and legal considerations and market uncertainties. This study focuses on the countries of the former Soviet Union such as Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan in Central Asia, and Azerbaijan in Transcaucasia. One of the six priority areas of the EU in the energy infrastructure of - the Southern Energy Corridor (SEC), the purpose of which is to link the Caspian basin and potentially Middle Eastern gas to Europe. In the article, we analyzed the potential of the Caspian basin in terms of energy and its impact on the energy security of the European Union.Коли в ЄС виникає брак енергоресурсів, і він повинен шукати постачальників з інших країн, Росія забезпечує світ більшістю нафти та газу. Диверсифікація енергетичних ресурсів є однією з цілей для ЄС. Більшість міжнародних учасників зацікавлені у відкритті потенціалу моря. Проте для розвитку ресурсів регіону як і раніше виникають чимало перешкод, таких як відсутність експортних трубопроводів, труднощі з точки зору безпеки поставок, ускладнення транзиту, політичні та правові міркування та невизначеність ринку. Це дослідження присвячено країнам колишнього Радянського Союзу, таким як Узбекистан, Казахстан та Туркменістан в Центральній Азії, а також Азербайджану в Закавказзі. Одна з шести пріоритетних напрямків діяльності ЄС в енергетичній інфраструктурі - Південний енергетичний коридор (SEC), метою якої є з'єднання Каспійського басейну та потенційно ближнього східного газу до Європи. У статті ми проаналізували потенціал Каспійського басейну з точки зору енергії та її вплив на енергетичну безпеку Європейського Союзу.Когда в ЕС отсутствует дефицит энергоресурсов, и он должен искать поставщиков из других стран, Россия предоставляет миру большую часть нефти и газа. Диверсификация энергетических ресурсов является одной из целей для ЕС. Большинство международных участников заинтересованы в обнаружении потенциала моря. Однако развитие ресурсов региона по-прежнему сопряжено со многими препятствиями, такими как отсутствие экспортных трубопроводов, трудности, связанные с безопасностью соображений предложения, осложнениями транзита, политическими и юридическими соображениями и неопределенностью рынка. В этом исследовании основное внимание уделяется странам бывшего Советского Союза, таким как Узбекистан, Казахстан и Туркменистан в Центральной Азии, а также Азербайджан в Закавказье. Один из шести приоритетных направлений ЕС в энергетической инфраструктуре Южного энергетического коридора (SEC), целью которого является увязка Каспийского бассейна и потенциально ближневосточного газа с Европой. В статье мы проанализировали потенциал Каспийского бассейна с точки зрения энергетики и ее влияния на энергетическую безопасность Европейского Союза

Importance of the Caspian Countries for the European Union

When there is a lack of energy resources in the EU and it has to look for suppliers from other countries, Russia provides the world with most of the oil and gas. Diversification of energy resources is one of the objectives for the EU. The majority of international participants are interested in discovering the potential of the sea. However, the development of the region’s resources still faces many obstacles, such as lack of export pipelines, difficulties due to security of supply considerations, transit complications, political and legal considerations and market uncertainties. This study focuses on the countries of the former Soviet Union such as Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan in Central Asia, and Azerbaijan in Transcaucasia. One of the six priority areas of the EU in the energy infrastructure of - the Southern Energy Corridor (SEC), the purpose of which is to link the Caspian basin and potentially Middle Eastern gas to Europe. In the article, we analyzed the potential of the Caspian basin in terms of energy and its impact on the energy security of the European Union.Коли в ЄС виникає брак енергоресурсів, і він повинен шукати постачальників з інших країн, Росія забезпечує світ більшістю нафти та газу. Диверсифікація енергетичних ресурсів є однією з цілей для ЄС. Більшість міжнародних учасників зацікавлені у відкритті потенціалу моря. Проте для розвитку ресурсів регіону як і раніше виникають чимало перешкод, таких як відсутність експортних трубопроводів, труднощі з точки зору безпеки поставок, ускладнення транзиту, політичні та правові міркування та невизначеність ринку. Це дослідження присвячено країнам колишнього Радянського Союзу, таким як Узбекистан, Казахстан та Туркменістан в Центральній Азії, а також Азербайджану в Закавказзі. Одна з шести пріоритетних напрямків діяльності ЄС в енергетичній інфраструктурі - Південний енергетичний коридор (SEC), метою якої є з'єднання Каспійського басейну та потенційно ближнього східного газу до Європи. У статті ми проаналізували потенціал Каспійського басейну з точки зору енергії та її вплив на енергетичну безпеку Європейського Союзу.Когда в ЕС отсутствует дефицит энергоресурсов, и он должен искать поставщиков из других стран, Россия предоставляет миру большую часть нефти и газа. Диверсификация энергетических ресурсов является одной из целей для ЕС. Большинство международных участников заинтересованы в обнаружении потенциала моря. Однако развитие ресурсов региона по-прежнему сопряжено со многими препятствиями, такими как отсутствие экспортных трубопроводов, трудности, связанные с безопасностью соображений предложения, осложнениями транзита, политическими и юридическими соображениями и неопределенностью рынка. В этом исследовании основное внимание уделяется странам бывшего Советского Союза, таким как Узбекистан, Казахстан и Туркменистан в Центральной Азии, а также Азербайджан в Закавказье. Один из шести приоритетных направлений ЕС в энергетической инфраструктуре Южного энергетического коридора (SEC), целью которого является увязка Каспийского бассейна и потенциально ближневосточного газа с Европой. В статье мы проанализировали потенциал Каспийского бассейна с точки зрения энергетики и ее влияния на энергетическую безопасность Европейского Союза

Importance of the Caspian Countries for the European Union Energy Security

When there is a lack of energy resources in the EU and it has to look for suppliers from other countries, Russia provides the world with most of the oil and gas. Diversification of energy resources is one of the objectives for the EU. The majority of international participants are interested in discovering the potential of the sea. However, the development of the region's resources still faces many obstacles, such as lack of export pipelines, difficulties due to security of supply considerations, transit complications, political and legal considerations and market uncertainties. This study focuses on the countries of the former Soviet Union such as Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan in Central Asia, and Azerbaijan in Transcaucasia. One of the six priority areas of the EU in the energy infrastructure of - the Southern Energy Corridor (SEC), the purpose of which is to link the Caspian basin and potentially Middle Eastern gas to Europe. In the article, we analyzed the potential of the Caspian basin in terms of energy and its impact on the energy security of the European Union. Keywords: Caspian Sea, Central Asia, European Union, Southern Corridor, Pipeline, Energy Security JEL Classifications: F52, H55, H56