The Relationship between Intramuscular Adipose Tissue, Functional Mobility, and Strength in Postmenopausal Women with and without Type 2 Diabetes

Objectives. To determine (1) whether intramuscular adipose tissue (IntraMAT) differs between women with and without type 2 diabetes and (2) the association between IntraMAT and mobility and strength. Methods. 59 women ≥ 65 years with and without type 2 diabetes were included. A 1-Tesla MRI was used to acquire images of the leg. Timed-up-and-go (TUG) and grip strength were measured. Regression was used to determine associations between the following: (1) type 2 diabetes and IntraMAT (covariates: age, ethnicity, BMI, waist : hip ratio, and energy expenditure), (2) IntraMAT and TUG (covariates: diabetes, age, BMI, and energy expenditure), and (3) IntraMAT and grip strength (covariates: diabetes, age, height, and lean mass). Results. Women with diabetes had more IntraMAT. After adjustment, IntraMAT was similar between groups (diabetes mean [SD] = 13.2 [1.4]%, controls 11.8 [1.3]%, P=0.515). IntraMAT was related to TUG and grip strength, but the relationships became nonsignificant after adjustment for covariates (difference/percent IntraMAT [95% CI]: TUG = 0.041 seconds [−0.079–0.161], P=0.498, grip strength = −0.144 kg [−0.335–0.066], P=0.175). Conclusions. IntraMAT alone may not be a clinically important predictor of functional mobility and strength; however, whether losses in functional mobility and strength are promoted by IntraMAT accumulation should be explored

Durable change in glycaemic control following intensive management of type 2 diabetes in the ACCORD clinical trial

We aimed to determine the persistence of glycaemic control 1 year after a limited period of intensive glycaemic management of type 2 diabetes

Adiponectin : distribution, and associations with age, sex, adiposity, lifestyle factors, family history and insulin resistance in children and adolescents

Adiponectin is inversely related to obesity, insulin resistance and progression to type 2 diabetes in adults. However its distribution, determinants and its association with insulin resistance (IR) are less well studied in the pediatric population. The objectives of this study were to describe, in youth, the age- and sex-specific distribution of adiponectin concentrations, and its association with demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors, parental diabetes, and markers of JR. This study was a secondary analysis of a sample of 1632 French Canadian youth aged 9, 13 and 16 years who participated in the Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey, a province-wide school-based survey conducted in 1999. Boys had lower adiponectin concentrations than girls by 17% (p<0.0001). Adiponectin concentrations decreased by age-group to a greater extent in boys than girls over the age range studied (27.7% vs. 13.3%, pinteraction=0.009). Mean adiponectin decreased by 8.1% in boys and 11.2% in girls (p<0.0001) for every unit increase in BMI Z-score. Growth-related change in BMI explained half the age effect in boys and all the age effect in girls. Self-reported pubertal status, physical activity, smoking and parental diabetes were not independently associated with adiponectin. Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were not associated with adiponectin concentration after adjusting for BMI. However, an interaction term for adiponectin and BMI Z-score was significant in a multiple linear regression model with fasting insulin as the dependent variable. In conclusion, male sex and changes in body fat may be major determinants of decreasing adiponectin concentrations in growing youth. There was no association between adiponectin and markers of 1R. The relationship between adiposity and markers of IR is attenuated in those with higher adiponectin concentrations, making adiponectin a potential intervention target or risk stratification marker for which the normative data presented herein may be useful