Human adaptation in the 7th-11th century

This paper is an attempt to reconstruct human adaptability in the case of populations which lived in the central region of the Carpathian Basin between the 7th and 11th century. On drawing a parallel between the ecological zonality and the human anatomical patterns of the three historical periods included, we come to a conclusion that the populations of both the Late Avar period (670-894 A.D.) and the time of the Hungarian conquest (10th century, i.e. 895-999 A.D.) adapted themselves to the local ecological zonality fairly well, while, from 1000 A.D. on, i.e. at the time of the 11th century when the early Christian Hungarian Kingdom was founded by King St. Stephen, it may have been political intention more than anything else that influenced the structure of population

A hajdúnánási avar temető embertani leletei

A tanulmány a Hajdúnánás-Fürj halom járás lelőhelyen feltárt 18 avar kori (6 férfi, 8 nő és 4 subadultus korú) egyén antropológiai és paleopatológiai vizsgálatainak eredményeit közli. A koponyák metrikus adatai alapján a népesség heterogén volt. A becsült testmagasság szerint az avar kori összesített, valamint a vizsgált régióban jellemző értékeknél a férfiak valamivel, a nők jelentősen alacsonyabbak voltak. A taxonómiai vizsgálatok eredményei alapján a népességben az europid jellegeken túl a mongolid nagyrasszra jellemző bélyegek is megfigyelhetők. A koponyaindexek összehasonlítása alapján a vizsgált népesség a Tiszavasvári-Petőfi utcai avar kori temető népességgel mutat hasonlóságot. A szériában több, jelentős fizikai megterhelésre és vérképzöszervi megbetegedésre utaló csontelváltozást, egy egyén esetén perimortem sérüléseket, valamint egy esetben szándékos koponyatorzítást figyeltünk meg. A vizsgált szériából két férfi maradványain végeztünk DNS vizsgálatokat. Ennek során az aDNS J'elsokszorozása az alkalmazott kísérleti beállításokkal nem járt sikerrel

Az autochtonitás hatása az Alföld honfoglalás kori (10. századi) népességére

The present paper deals with the 10th century population history of the Hungarian Great Plain. Our attention was primarily focused on the proportion of the 10th century Hungarian conquerors and the local populations. As the craniological results showed, the percentage of the local population might have been 57%, while that of the immigrants might have presented a smaller ratio (43%). The components of the local population were also estimated back to the previous one thousand years. According to these examinations, the characteristic features of the population surviving in the Great Plain were mainly suggestive of the Sarmatian and Germanic eras. The immigrants of the Late Avar period preceding the age of the Hungarian conquest did not seem to have been of the same importance

Fejlődés specifikus gének expressziós mintázatának összehasonlítása pluripotens nyúl embrionális és epiblaszt őssejtekben. = Comparison of developmental stage specific gene expression patterns in pluripotent rabbit embryonic and epiblast derived stem cell lines .

Transzgénikus nyulak kiváló modell állatként szolgálnak az öröklött humán betegségek tanulmányozására. Jelenleg nem áll rendelkezésre olyan pluripotens embrionális őssejt vonal, ami lehetővé tenné célzott genetikai módosítások végrehajtását nyúlban. Ivarsejt kimérákat mind a mai napig nem sikerült előállítani ezek felhasználásával. A Nanog és az Oct4 transzkripciós faktorok a legfontosabb gének, amik elősegítik a pluripotencia megtartását egér és humán őssejtekben, azonban nyúl esetében nagyon keveset tudtunk ezen gének expressziójáról. Sikerült feltérképeznünk a nyúl őssejt specifikus markerek expresszióját a nyúl embriók fejlődése során, valamint embrionális és epiblaszt őssejtekben. Az őssejtek passzálásának előrehaladtával az epiblaszt specifikus Oct4, és Nanog szint csökkenni kezdett, a trofoblaszt (Cdx2) és hipoblaszt (Gata4, Gata6) sejtekre jellemző markerek expressziója viszont továbbra is kimutatható maradt. Ezekben sejttenyészetekben az őssejt kolóniák nagy része differenciálódni kezdett, valószínűleg a sejttenyészetben megtalálható hipoblaszt és trofoblaszt eredetű sejtekből származó faktorok hatásának eredményeként. A munka folytatásaként szeretnénk megismerni a nyúl Ins, Wnt, FGF4 és LIF jelátvitelben résztvevő elemeket, kiegészítve a regulációban fontos szerepet játszó őssejt specifikus nyúl mikroRNS-ek szerepének megismerésével. Azt reméljük, hogy ezen jelátviteli rendszerek megismerése segíthet valóban pluripotens nyúl ES sejtvonalak létrehozásában. | Laboratory rabbits have long been used in biomedical research. Recently, they have been used as experimental models for human diseases. Rabbit ES cells would be invaluable for the study of testing stem cell therapies for human applications. Although many attempts have been made to derive real pluripotent ES cell lines from rabbits, none has been successful. We analyzed the expression pattern of embryonic stem cell specific markers in rabbit embryos and epiblast cells. The expression pattern of Oct4, Nanog transcriptions factors during the rabbit embryonic development was not known. Epiblast specific Oct4 and Nanog, trophoblast specific Cdx2 and hypoblast specific Gata4 and Gata6 were examined in blastocysts, attached embryos and epiblast like cells. The Oct4 and Nanog in rabbit ES-like cells expressed at high level reflecting their pluripotent state, but reduced passage by passage. We could recognize Cdx2 expression which might be related to cells derived from remaining trophoblast cells. We could also detect low level of Gata4 and Gata6 expressing colonies correlated with some differentiated and hypoblast derived cells. After few passages the most of the epiblast derived colonies begin to differentiate, most likely as a result of the effect of remaining hypoblast and trophoblast cells derived factors. As a continuation of our work, we want to investigate the rabbit Ins, Wnt, FGF4 and LIF signaling elements in addition with stem cells specific rabbit microRNAs

Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Alters the Immunological Properties of Adipose-Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal-Stem Cells

The proper functioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is of paramount importance for the homeostasis of the body. Inflammation and infection can alter the function of MSCs, which can also affect the regenerative potential and immunological status of tissues. It is not known whether human herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2), well-known human pathogens that can cause lifelong infections, can induce changes in MSCs. In non-healing ulcers, HSV infection is known to affect deeper tissue layers. In addition, HSV infection can recur after initially successful cell therapies. Our aim was to study the response of adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) to HSV infection in vitro. After confirming the phenotype and differentiation capacity of the isolated cells, we infected the cells in vitro with HSV1-KOS, HSV1-532 and HSV2 virus strains. Twenty-four hours after infection, we examined the gene expression of the cells via RNA-seq and RT-PCR; detected secreted cytokines via protein array; and determined autophagy via Western blot, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence microscopy. Infection with different HSV strains resulted in different gene-expression patterns. In addition to the activation of pathways characteristic of viral infections, distinct non-immunological pathways (autophagy, tissue regeneration and differentiation) were also activated according to analyses with QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome and Genome Ontology Enrichment. Viral infections increased autophagy, as confirmed via TEM image analysis, and also increased levels of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3B) II protein. We identified significantly altered accumulation for 16 cytokines involved in tissue regeneration and inflammation. Our studies demonstrated that HSV infection can alter the viability and immunological status of ADMSCs, which may have implications for ADMSC-based cell therapies. Alterations in autophagy can affect numerous processes in MSCs, including the inhibition of tissue regeneration as well as pathological differentiation

Colocalized neurotransmitters in the hindbrain cooperate in adaptation to chronic hypernatremia

Chronic hypernatremia activates the central osmoregulatory mechanisms and inhibits the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Noradrenaline (NE) release into the periventricular anteroventral third ventricle region (AV3V), the supraoptic (SON) and hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (PVN) from efferents of the caudal ventrolateral (cVLM) and dorsomedial (cDMM) medulla has been shown to be essential for the hypernatremia-evoked responses and for the HPA response to acute restraint. Notably, the medullary NE cell groups highly coexpress prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) and nesfatin-1/NUCB2 (nesfatin), therefore, we assumed they contributed to the reactions to chronic hypernatremia. To investigate this, we compared two models: homozygous Brattleboro rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI) and Wistar rats subjected to chronic high salt solution (HS) intake. HS rats had higher plasma osmolality than DI rats. PrRP and nesfatin mRNA levels were higher in both models, in both medullary regions compared to controls. Elevated basal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and impaired restraint-induced TH, PrRP and nesfatin expression elevations in the cVLM were, however, detected only in HS, but not in DI rats. Simultaneously, only HS rats exhibited classical signs of chronic stress and severely blunted hormonal reactions to acute restraint. Data suggest that HPA axis responsiveness to restraint depends on the type of hypernatremia, and on NE capacity in the cVLM. Additionally, NE and PrRP signalization primarily of medullary origin is increased in the SON, PVN and AV3V in HS rats. This suggests a cooperative action in the adaptation responses and designates the AV3V as a new site for PrRP's action in hypernatremia