Sodelovanje v programih pomoči, namenjenih otrokom s slabimi bralnimi zmožnostmi, na Madžarskem

In this century, the value of information has become more significant; reflecting this change, focus has shifted to preparing pupils for the functional use of reading. Therefore, the latest international assessments of reading literacy are set up to address this kind of knowledge. Significant numbers of individuals are performing below the minimum level in these assessments in Hungary, signalling lower capacity for participation in the community. When attempting to eliminate functional illiteracy, it is crucial to analyse the present support system, and the efficiency of recognising reading problems in the early stages, in order to improve the provision of education systematically. When examining the probable causes of the struggle to comprehend texts, one of the prerequisites of understanding written language is appropriate decoding. This research focuses on investigating the access to intervention programmes of 5th-grade children with poor reading skills. The speed and accuracy of the aloud reading of 957 pupils attending mainstream classrooms were measured and compared to the data regarding the participation in rehabilitation programmes. The most relevant finding of the research was that only less than half of the children with poor reading skills receive help to improve their performance; 55% of slow readers and 60% of non-accurate readers were left without support, even though their performance is significantly worse than that of their peers. This finding indicates the need to revise the screening system and necessitates more extensive and less diagnosis-based access to intervention programmes. (DIPF/Orig.

Does integration increase life satisfaction?

Abstract In recent years there has been a rapidly increasing interest in measuring subjective well-bein

Analysis of Elastic Traffic Effects on WDM Dynamic Grooming Algorithms

Traffic grooming in IP over WDM networks introduces a coupling between the optical layer and the IP layer. Grooming algorithms are normally studied with a very simple traffic model that completely ignores this interaction. This paper compares the performance of two simple grooming algorithms with a traditional, Poisson based traffic model and a more complex one that takes into account the IP traffic elasticity and the inherent interaction between the IP routing and the optical layer. Simulation results, supported by heuristic considerations and a very simple analytical model highlighting the interaction effects, show that ignoring the two layer interaction is not correct and may lead to wrong conclusions. Besides, it is shown that grooming algorithms that ignore the interaction between the IP and the optical routing, can lead to great resource waste, because the IP routing over the virtual, lightpath based topology, has no knowledge of the actual resource use, while the optical layer, when required to open a new lightpath ignores the overall traffic pattern, taking a decision that is based on a local optimum that may negatively affect later decisions

A pénzügyi ellenőrzés rendszere népi demokráciánkban

INST: L_08

Drivers of Labor Force Participation in Advanced Economies: Macro and Micro Evidence

Despite significant headwinds from population aging in most advanced economies (AEs), labor force participation rates show remarkably divergent trajectories both across countries and across different groups of workers. Participation increased sharply among prime-age women and, more recently, older workers, but fell among the young and prime-age men. This paper investigates the determinants of these trends using aggregate and individual-level data. We find that the bulk of the dramatic increase in the labor force attachment of prime-age women and older workers in the past three decades can be explained by changes in labor market policies and institutions, structural transformation, and gains in educational attainment. Technological advances such as automation, on the other hand, weighed on the labor supply of prime-age and older workers. In light of the dramatic demographic shifts expected in the coming decades in many AEs, our findings underscore the need to invest in education and training, reform the tax system, reduce early retirement incentives, improve the job-matching process, and help individuals combine family and work life in order to alleviate the pressures from aging on labor supply

A Cohort-Based Analysis of Labor Force Participation for Advanced Economies

Advanced economies are in the midst of a major demographic transition, with the number of elderly rising precipitously relative to the working-age population. Yet, despite the acceleration in demographic shifts in the past decade, advanced economies experienced markedly different trajectories in overall labor force participation rates and the workforce attachment of men and women. Using a cohort-based model of labor force participation for 17 advanced economies estimated over the 1985{2016 period, we document a significant role of common patterns of participation over the life cycle and shifts in these patterns across generations for aggregate labor supply, especially in the case of women. The entry of new cohorts of women led to upward shifts in the age participation profile, boosting aggregate participation rates. However, this process plateaued in most advanced economies, with signs of reversal in some. Using the model's results to forecast future participation trends, we project sizable declines in aggregate participation rates over the next three decades due to the aging of the population. Illustrative simulations show that implementing policies encouraging labor supply can help attenuate but may not fully offset demographic pressures

Environmental management practices in the manufacturing sector – Hungarian features in international comparison

The paper provides an overview of the state of corporate environmental management in Hungary compared to older EU and OECD states. It also explores the complex relationship between the implementation of environmental management practices and corporate environmental and business performance. Empirical evidence is taken from a comprehensive piece of research, carried out in OECD member countries, which explored motivation, decision-making procedures, and organisational structure of companies in relation to the design and implementation of environmental management tools and systems.environmental management, corporate environmental performance, EMS, stakeholder orientation, environmental function, environmental impact, environmental measures

Calling Older Workers Back to Work

Population aging in advanced economies could have significant macroeconomic implica- tions, unless more individuals choose to participate in labor markets. In this context, the steep increase in the share of older workers who remain economically active since the mid- 1990s is an overlooked yet encouraging trend. We identify the drivers of the rise in participa- tion of the elderly relying on cross-country and individual-level data from advanced economies over the past three decades. Our findings suggest that the bulk of the increase in their par- ticipation is driven by gains in educational attainment and changes in labor market policies, such as the tax benefit system, and pension reforms. Urbanization and the increasing role of services also contributed, while automation weighed on their participation

Dynamic grooming in IP over WDM networks: a study with realistic traffic based on GANCLES simulation package

Dynamic grooming capabilities lies at the hearth of many envisaged scenarios for IP over Optical networks, but studies on its performance are still in their infancy. This work addresses two fundamental aspects of the problem. First of all it presents a novel tool for the study of IP over Optical networks. The tool, freely available on-line, is a network level simulator named GANCLES that includes several innovative features allowing the study of realistic scenarios in IP over Optical networking, making it an ideal tool for Traffic Engineering purposes. GANCLES architecture enables the simulation of dynamic traffic grooming on top of a realistic network model that correctly describes the logical interaction between the optical and the IP layer, i.e., the mutual relationship between routing algorithms and lightpath assignment procedures at the optical layer and routing at the IP layer. Adding or removing lightpaths changes the logical IP topology, which affects IP routing and traffic patterns. The simulator allows for the description of Overlay, Augmented or Peer IP over Optical architectures, depending on the amount of information shared between the IP and optical domain. Second it analyzes and discusses several performance indices and aspects of different grooming policies in the IPO Overlay model, using different traffic models, some of them including elasticity of best effort traffic. Both regular and mesh topolo- gies are analyzed, and results clearly show that the correct evaluation of dynamic grooming policies in IPO networks requires a sophisticated level of modeling, since simplistic assumptions like Poisson traffic, or the incorrect representation of the interaction of IP and Optical control planes, may induce misleading results