34 research outputs found
A Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from the Fruit Bodies of Bulgaria inquinans (Fries) and Its Anti-Malarial Activity
A water-soluble polysaccharide (BIWS-4b) was purified from the fruit bodies of Bulgaria inquinans (Fries). It is composed of mannose (27.2%), glucose (15.5%) and galactose (57.3%). Its molecular weight was estimated to be 7.4 kDa (polydispersity index, Mw/Mn: 1.35). Structural analyses indicated that BIWS-4b mainly contains (1 → 6)-linked, (1 → 5)-linked and (1 → 5,6)-linked β-Galf units; (1 → 4)-linked and non-reducing terminal β-Glcp units; and (1 → 2)-linked, (1 → 6)-linked, (1 → 2,6)-linked and non-reducing terminal α-Manp units. When examined by the 4-day method and in a prophylactic assay in mice, BIWS-4b exhibited markedly suppressive activity against malaria while enhancing the activity of artesunate. Immunological tests indicated that BIWS-4b significantly enhanced macrophage phagocytosis and splenic lymphocyte proliferation in malaria-bearing mice and normal mice. The anti-malarial activity of BIWS-4b might be intermediated by enhancing immune competence and restoring artesunate-suppressed immune function. Thus, BIWS-4b is a potential adjuvant of anti-malaria drugs
Official Reports of the Town of Wayland for Its One Hundred and Forty-Third Municipal Year From January 1,1922 To January 1, 1923
We study the relation between the metallicity of quasar broad line region (BLR) and black hole (BH) mass (10(7.5)-10(10) M-circle dot) and quasar bolometric luminosity (10(44.6)-10(48) erg s(-1)) using a sample of similar to 130000 quasars at 2.25 <= z <= 5.25 from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12 (DR12). We generate composite spectra by stacking individual spectra in the same BH mass (bolometric luminosity) and redshift bins and then estimate the metallicity of quasar BLR using metallicity-sensitive broad emission-line flux ratios based on the photoionization models. We find a significant correlation between quasar BLR metallicity and BH mass (bolometric luminosity) but no correlation between quasar BLR metallicity and redshift. We also compare the metallicity of quasar BLR and that of host galaxies inferred from the mass metallicity relation of star-forming galaxy at z similar to 2.3 and 3.5. We find quasar BLR metallicity is 0.3 similar to 1.0 dex higher than their host galaxies. This discrepancy cannot be interpreted by the uncertainty due to different metallicity diagnostic methods, mass metallicity relation of galaxy, metallicity gradient in quasar host galaxies, BH mass estimation, the effect of different spectral energy distribution models, and a few other potential sources of uncertainties. We propose a possibility that the high metallicity in quasar BLR might be caused by metal enrichment from massive star formation in the nucleus region of quasars or even the accretion disc
Photometry of Variable Stars from Dome A, Antarctica
Dome A on the Antarctic plateau is likely one of the best observing sites on
Earth thanks to the excellent atmospheric conditions present at the site during
the long polar winter night. We present high-cadence time-series aperture
photometry of 10,000 stars with i<14.5 mag located in a 23 square-degree region
centered on the south celestial pole. The photometry was obtained with one of
the CSTAR telescopes during 128 days of the 2008 Antarctic winter.
We used this photometric data set to derive site statistics for Dome A and to
search for variable stars. Thanks to the nearly-uninterrupted synoptic
coverage, we find 6 times as many variables as previous surveys with similar
magnitude limits. We detected 157 variable stars, of which 55% are
unclassified, 27% are likely binaries and 17% are likely pulsating stars. The
latter category includes delta Scuti, gamma Doradus and RR Lyrae variables. One
variable may be a transiting exoplanet.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal. PDF version
with high-resolution figures available at
http://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/lmacri/papers/wang11.pd
PHOTOMETRY OF VARIABLE STARS FROM DOME A, ANTARCTICA: RESULTS FROM THE 2010 OBSERVING SEASON
We present results from a season of observations with the Chinese Small
Telescope ARray (CSTAR), obtained over 183 days of the 2010 Antarctic winter.
We carried out high-cadence time-series aperture photometry of 20,000 stars
with i<15.3 mag located in a 23 square-degree region centered on the south
celestial pole.
We identified 188 variable stars, including 67 new objects relative to our
2008 observations, thanks to broader synoptic coverage, a deeper magnitude
limit and a larger field of view.
We used the photometric data set to derive site statistics from Dome A. Based
on two years of observations, we find that extinction due to clouds at this
site is less than 0.1 and 0.4 mag during 45% and 75% of the dark time,
respectively.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal. Light curves
and finding charts of all variable stars will be made available at
http://casdc.china-vo.org/data/csta
Sub-second periodic radio oscillations in a microquasar
Powerful relativistic jets are one of the ubiquitous features of accreting
black holes in all scales. GRS 1915+105 is a well-known fast-spinning
black-hole X-ray binary with a relativistic jet, termed as a ``microquasar'',
as indicated by its superluminal motion of radio emission. It exhibits
persistent x-ray activity over the last 30 years, with quasi-periodic
oscillations of Hz and 34 and 67 Hz in the x-ray band. These
oscillations likely originate in the inner accretion disk, but other origins
have been considered. Radio observations found variable light curves with
quasi-periodic flares or oscillations with periods of minutes.
Here we report two instances of 5 Hz transient periodic oscillation
features from the source detected in the 1.05-1.45 GHz radio band that occurred
in January 2021 and June 2022, respectively. Circular polarization was also
observed during the oscillation phase.Comment: The author version of the article which will appear in Nature on 26
July 2023, 32 pages including the extended data. The online publication
version can be found at the following URL:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06336-
Transposable elements cause the loss of self-incompatibility in citrus
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a widespread prezygotic mechanism for flowering plants to avoid inbreeding depression and promote genetic diversity. Citrus has an S-RNase-based SI system, which was frequently lost during evolution. We previously identified a single nucleotide mutation in Sm-RNase, which is responsible for the loss of SI in mandarin and its hybrids. However, little is known about other mechanisms responsible for conversion of SI to self-compatibility (SC) and we identify a completely different mechanism widely utilized by citrus. Here, we found a 786-bp miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) insertion in the promoter region of the FhiS2-RNase in Fortunella hindsii Swingle (a model plant for citrus gene function), which does not contain the Sm-RNase allele but are still SC. We demonstrate that this MITE plays a pivotal role in the loss of SI in citrus, providing evidence that this MITE insertion prevents expression of the S-RNase; moreover, transgenic experiments show that deletion of this 786-bp MITE insertion recovers the expression of FhiS2-RNase and restores SI. This study identifies the first evidence for a role for MITEs at the S-locus affecting the SI phenotype. A family-wide survey of the S-locus revealed that MITE insertions occur frequently adjacent to S-RNase alleles in different citrus genera, but only certain MITEs appear to be responsible for the loss of SI. Our study provides evidence that insertion of MITEs into a promoter region can alter a breeding strategy and suggests that this phenomenon may be broadly responsible for SC in species with the S-RNase system
Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AI
We introduce the Yi model family, a series of language and multimodal models
that demonstrate strong multi-dimensional capabilities. The Yi model family is
based on 6B and 34B pretrained language models, then we extend them to chat
models, 200K long context models, depth-upscaled models, and vision-language
models. Our base models achieve strong performance on a wide range of
benchmarks like MMLU, and our finetuned chat models deliver strong human
preference rate on major evaluation platforms like AlpacaEval and Chatbot
Arena. Building upon our scalable super-computing infrastructure and the
classical transformer architecture, we attribute the performance of Yi models
primarily to its data quality resulting from our data-engineering efforts. For
pretraining, we construct 3.1 trillion tokens of English and Chinese corpora
using a cascaded data deduplication and quality filtering pipeline. For
finetuning, we polish a small scale (less than 10K) instruction dataset over
multiple iterations such that every single instance has been verified directly
by our machine learning engineers. For vision-language, we combine the chat
language model with a vision transformer encoder and train the model to align
visual representations to the semantic space of the language model. We further
extend the context length to 200K through lightweight continual pretraining and
demonstrate strong needle-in-a-haystack retrieval performance. We show that
extending the depth of the pretrained checkpoint through continual pretraining
further improves performance. We believe that given our current results,
continuing to scale up model parameters using thoroughly optimized data will
lead to even stronger frontier models