Genomics of the Argentinian cholera epidemic elucidate the contrasting dynamics of epidemic and endemic Vibrio cholerae

Funder: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)Abstract: In order to control and eradicate epidemic cholera, we need to understand how epidemics begin, how they spread, and how they decline and eventually end. This requires extensive sampling of epidemic disease over time, alongside the background of endemic disease that may exist concurrently with the epidemic. The unique circumstances surrounding the Argentinian cholera epidemic of 1992–1998 presented an opportunity to do this. Here, we use 490 Argentinian V. cholerae genome sequences to characterise the variation within, and between, epidemic and endemic V. cholerae. We show that, during the 1992–1998 cholera epidemic, the invariant epidemic clone co-existed alongside highly diverse members of the Vibrio cholerae species in Argentina, and we contrast the clonality of epidemic V. cholerae with the background diversity of local endemic bacteria. Our findings refine and add nuance to our genomic definitions of epidemic and endemic cholera, and are of direct relevance to controlling current and future cholera epidemics

Manual de estrategias creativas para mejorar la expresión oral y la producción escrita del área de comunicación integral en los alumnos de cuarto grado de educación primaria

Tesis (Magíster en Psicopedagogía)Objetivo General Elaborar un manual de estrategias creativas para mejorar la expresión oral y la producción escrita del área de Comunicación Integral en los alumnos de cuarto grado de educación primaria en los distritos de San Borja, Surco, Surquillo y Miraflores, pertenecientes a la UGEL 1 No.7 de Lima metropolitana. 2. Objetivos Específicos 2.1. Revisar el Diseño Curricular Nacional en el área de Comunicación Integral para cuarto grado de educación primaria. 2.2. Investigar sobre estrategias creativas, expresión oral, producción escrita y creatividad. 2.3. Indagar las estrategias creativas empleadas por los profesores de cuarto grado de educación primaria en el área de Comunicación Integral. 2.4. Proponer estrategias creativas para mejorar la expresión oral y producción escrita de acuerdo a las capacidades y destrezas del Diseño Curricular Naciona

Prevalence of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in surface water near cattle feedlots

Between April 2009 and July 2011, 311 surface water samples in 48 cattle feedlots distributed in an area of about 67,000 km2 were analyzed to examine the environmental dissemination of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Samples were taken inside and outside the pens, exposed and not exposed to runoff from corrals, near the feedlots. Two types of samples were defined: (1) exposed surface waters (ESW; n = 251), downstream from cattle pens; and (2) nonexposed surface waters (NESW; n = 60), upstream from cattle pens. By multiplex PCR, 177 (70.5%) ESW samples were rfbO157-positive, and 62 (24.7%) E. coli O157, and 32 (12.7%) Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O157:H7 strains were isolated. In the NESW samples, 36 (60.0%) were rfbO157- positive, and 9 (15.0%) E. coli O157, and 6 (10.0%) STEC O157:H7 strains were isolated. These results showed that the environmental surface waters exposed to liquid discharges from intensive livestock operations tended to be contaminated with more STEC O157:H7 than NESW. However, no significant difference was found. This fact emphasizes the relevance of other horizontal routes of transmission, as the persistence of E. coli in the environment resulting from extensive livestock farming. By XbaIPFGE, some patterns identified are included in the Argentine Database of E. coli O157, corresponding to strains isolated from hemolytic uremic syndrome and diarrhea cases, food, and animals, such as AREXHX01.0022, second prevalent pattern in Argentina, representing 5.5% of the total database. In the study area, characterized by the abundance of waterways, pathogens contained in feedlot runoff could reach recreational waters and also contaminate produce through irrigation, increasing the potential dissemination of STEC O157:H7 and the risk of human infections. The control of runoff systems from intensive livestock is necessary, but other alternatives should be explored to solve the problem of the presence of E. coli O157 in the aquatic rural environment.Fil: Tanaro, José Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios. Facultad de Bromatologia; ArgentinaFil: Piaggio, Mercedes Carolina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios. Facultad de Bromatologia; ArgentinaFil: Galli, Lucía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Direccion Nacional de Instituto de Investigacion. Adm.nacional de Laboratorio E Instituto de Salud "dr.c.g.malbran". Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Bacteriologia; ArgentinaFil: Gasparovic, Alejandra M. C.. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios. Facultad de Bromatologia; ArgentinaFil: Procura, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios. Facultad de Bromatologia; ArgentinaFil: Molina, Demián A.. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios. Facultad de Bromatologia; ArgentinaFil: Vitón, Mauro. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios. Facultad de Bromatologia; ArgentinaFil: Zolezzi, Gisella. Direccion Nacional de Instituto de Investigacion. Adm.nacional de Laboratorio E Instituto de Salud "dr.c.g.malbran". Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Bacteriologia; ArgentinaFil: Rivas, Marta. Direccion Nacional de Instituto de Investigacion. Adm.nacional de Laboratorio E Instituto de Salud "dr.c.g.malbran". Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Bacteriologia; Argentin

Aislamiento y caracterización de Escherichia coli O157 en productos cárnicos bovinos y medias reses en la provincia de Tucumán

Escherichia coli O157 es un patógeno emergente asociado a diarrea, colitis hemorrágica y síndrome urémico hemolítico. Los productos cárnicos constituyen una importante fuente de contaminación con este microorganismo. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron establecer la frecuencia de detección de E. coli O157 en productos cárnicos y media res en la provincia de Tucumán, caracterizar los factores de virulencia de los aislamientos obtenidos, establecer la relación clonal entre cepas regionales mediante electroforesis de campo pulsado y comparar con lo consignado en la base de datos nacional. Desde 2004 hasta 2013 se analizaron 169 muestras de carne picada, 35 embutidos y 216 esponjados de media res. Se identificaron 13 aislamientos de E. coli O157; 6 de ellos fueron O157:H7 productores de toxina Shiga y se caracterizaron como stx2c(vh-a)/eae/ehxA (n = 5) y stx2/eae/ehxA (n = 1); los 7 aislamientos de E. coli O157 no toxigénicos fueron O157:NT(n = 4),O157:NM (n = 1),O157:ND (n = 1) y O157:H16 (n = 1). Los patrones de PFGE fueron diferentes entre sí y de los registrados en la base de datos nacional. Se concluye que existe gran diversidad genética en los aislamientos de E. coli O157 circulantes en nuestra región

Genomics of the Argentinian cholera epidemic elucidate the contrasting dynamics of epidemic and endemic Vibrio cholerae

Funder: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)Abstract: In order to control and eradicate epidemic cholera, we need to understand how epidemics begin, how they spread, and how they decline and eventually end. This requires extensive sampling of epidemic disease over time, alongside the background of endemic disease that may exist concurrently with the epidemic. The unique circumstances surrounding the Argentinian cholera epidemic of 1992–1998 presented an opportunity to do this. Here, we use 490 Argentinian V. cholerae genome sequences to characterise the variation within, and between, epidemic and endemic V. cholerae. We show that, during the 1992–1998 cholera epidemic, the invariant epidemic clone co-existed alongside highly diverse members of the Vibrio cholerae species in Argentina, and we contrast the clonality of epidemic V. cholerae with the background diversity of local endemic bacteria. Our findings refine and add nuance to our genomic definitions of epidemic and endemic cholera, and are of direct relevance to controlling current and future cholera epidemics

Supporting data for "Genomics of the Argentinian cholera epidemic elucidate the contrasting dynamics of epidemic and endemic Vibrio cholerae"

In order to control and eradicate epidemic cholera, we need to understand how epidemics begin, how they spread, and how they decline and eventually end. This requires extensive sampling of epidemic disease over time, alongside the background of endemic disease that may exist concurrently with the epidemic. The unique circumstances surrounding the Argentinian cholera epidemic of 1992–1998 presented an opportunity to do this. Here, we use 490 Argentinian V. cholerae genome sequences to characterise the variation within, and between, epidemic and endemic V. cholerae. We show that, during the 1992–1998 cholera epidemic, the invariant epidemic clone co-existed alongside highly diverse members of the Vibrio cholerae species in Argentina, and we contrast the clonality of epidemic V. cholerae with the background diversity of local endemic bacteria. Our findings refine and add nuance to our genomic definitions of epidemic and endemic cholera, and are of direct relevance to controlling current and future cholera epidemics