Potential role of diabetes mellitus‐associated T cell senescence in epithelial ovarian cancer omental metastasis

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the most common causes of cancer‐related deaths among women and is associated with age and age‐related diseases. With increasing evidence of risks associated with metabolic inflammatory conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it is important to understand the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cancer progression and metastasis. Age‐related conditions can lead to both genotypic and phenotypic immune function alterations, such as induction of senescence, which can contribute to disease progression. Immune senescence is a common phenomenon in the ageing population, which is now known to play a role in multiple diseases, often detrimentally. EOC progression and metastasis, with the highest rates in the 75–79 age group in women, have been shown to be influenced by immune cells within the “milky spots” or immune clusters of the omentum. As T2DM has been re-ported to cause T cell senescence in both prediabetic and diabetic patients, there is a possibility that poor prognosis in EOC patients with T2DM is partly due to the accumulation of senescent T cells in the omentum. In this review, we explore this hypothesis with recent findings, potential therapeutic approaches, and future directions

Prognostic value of immunohistochemical markers for locally advanced rectal cancer

The aim of this study is to reveal the potential roles of apoptosis markers (Bcl2 and p53), proliferation markers (Ki-67 and CyclD1), and the neuroendocrine marker Chromogranin A as markers for the radioresistance of rectal cancer. Statistically significant differences were found in the expression of p53, Ki-67, and Chromogranin A in groups of patients with and without a favorable prognosis after radiotherapy. The survival analysis revealed that the marker of neuroendocrine differentiation, Chromogranin A, also demonstrated a high prognostic significance, indicating a poor prognosis. Markers of proliferation and apoptosis had no prognostic value for patients who received preoperative radiotherapy. Higher Chromogranin A values were predictors of poor prognosis. The results obtained from studying the Chromogranin A expression suggest that the secretion of biologically active substances by neuroendocrine cells causes an increase in tumor aggressiveness

Perifocal Soft Tissue Reactions in Response to Contaminated Implants With a Composite Antibacterial Coating: Experimental Study

Background. Protection against microbial colonization of surface fixators for metal osteosynthesis can reduce the number of infectious complications. The aim of the study was to experimentally assess early perifocal tissue reactions to metal implants with a composite antibacterial coating under microbial load. Methods. Fragments of steel pins for osteosynthesis (diameter 1 mm) with a four-component antibacterial coating based on polylactide, polyurethane, ciprofloxacin and silver nanoparticles were contaminated by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 43431. They were implanted in rats within the quadriceps femoris. Contaminated uncoated pins were used as a control. The animals were withdrawn from the experiment on the 2nd, 4th, 7th day after implantation. Histopathological specimens from tissue around implants were prepared. A semiquantitative assessment of reactions was performed. Results. The microbial load before implantation was (1.120.26)106 S. aureus cells for the control implants and (0.860.31)106 cells for implants with antibacterial coating. Tissue inflammatory reactions on the second day of implantation were equally evident in the control and investigated groups. There was a significant reduction in the number of immune cells and necrotic detritus, as well as increased growth of connective tissue and neoangiogenesis in the experimental group by the 4th day. The appearance of a less pronounced well-vascularized fibrous capsule around the experimental implants was noted by the 7th day. It indicates a more favorable healing of soft tissues in comparison with the control. Conclusion. Weak morphological manifestations of tissue reactions in response to the fitting of contaminated implants with an antibacterial coating can be associated with both the direct antimicrobial effect of the coating components and the anti-inflammatory activity of silver nanoparticles and ciprofloxacin included in its composition

Potential role of tumor-infiltrating T-, B-lymphocytes, tumor-associated macrophages and IgA-secreting plasma cells in long-term survival in the rectal adenocarcinoma patients

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Do Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Contain Functional Mitochondria?

Extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from stem cells have become an effective complement to the use in cell therapy of stem cells themselves, which has led to an explosion of research into the mechanisms of vesicle formation and their action. There is evidence demonstrating the presence of mitochondrial components in EV, but a definitive conclusion about whether EV contains fully functional mitochondria has not yet been made. In this study, two EV fractions derived from mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSC) and separated by their size were examined. Flow cytometry revealed the presence of mitochondrial lipid components capable of interacting with mitochondrial dyes MitoTracker Green and 10-nonylacridine orange; however, the EV response to the probe for mitochondrial membrane potential was negative. Detailed analysis revealed components from all mitochondria compartments, including house-keeping mitochondria proteins and DNA as well as energy-related proteins such as membrane-localized proteins of complexes I, IV, and V, and soluble proteins from the Krebs cycle. When assessing the functional activity of mitochondria, high variability in oxygen consumption was noted, which was only partially attributed to mitochondrial respiratory activity. Our findings demonstrate that the EV contain all parts of mitochondria; however, their independent functionality inside EV has not been confirmed, which may be due either to the absence of necessary cofactors and/or the EV formation process and, probably the methodology of obtaining EV