Two-dimensional representations of the genus two surface group

Let $\Pi$ denote the fundamental group of the closed surface of genus 2. For any quadratically closed ring $R$ with $2$ invertible, we classify irreducible representations $\Pi\to{\rm SL}(2,R)$ up to conjugacy by giving explicit formulas.Comment: 6 page

From Phenotype to Genotype: Discovery of New Molecular Primary Immunodeficiencies

Since the 1950s, the investigation of genetic causes of primary immunodeficiencies has fundamentally shaped our understanding of the immune system, and that fountain of knowledge has continued to expand explosively as we enter the genomic era with the dawn of CRISPR and personalized medicine. In this work, I describe four new monogenetic causes of primary immunodeficiency (PID) and a novel gene that may be associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). The index cases were initially identified from two large PID cohorts – one based at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States and the other based at University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. Eight individuals from four different kindreds were identified to have IL2RB deficiency due to three different loss of function IL2RB mutations, leading to either significant truncation of protein, reduced surface expression, or decreased IL-2 binding affinity. These patients all presented with autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinemia, bowel inflammation, dermatological abnormalities, and cytomegalovirus disease and had loss of regulatory T cells and “adaptive” natural killer cells. Another consanguineous kindred in the NIH cohort was found to have infantile inflammatory bowel disease associated with a rare homozygous IL37 mutation. Functional validation using cell lines and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) revealed a failure of the mutant IL-37 to be secreted extracellularly or translocated to the nucleus causing an inability to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Using a combination of whole genome sequencing and genome wide association studies to analyze the UK cohort of predominantly antibody-deficient patients, we identified PTPN2 and SOCS1 haploinsufficiency due to a combination of common and rare variants as genetic causes of CVID. These patients had loss of TC-PTP and SOCS1 protein as well as hyper-phosphorylation of STAT1. This dissertation closes with a tantalizing description of a kindred with four CVID patients with either homozygous recessive or compound heterozygous mutations in a poorly characterized gene TTC21A. Preliminary primary B cell CRISPR experiments and CRISPR knock-in mouse studies are so far inconclusive. The work presented here adds to the compendium of PID discoveries and provides insight into well-understood signaling pathways like IL-2, IL-1beta and interferon-gamma as well as attempts to elucidate the role of enigmatic genes like IL-37 and TTC21A using iPSCs and CRISPR technologies.NIH Oxford-Cambridge Scholarship, Cambridge Trus

High-speed photon correlation monitoring of amplified quantum noise by chaos using deep-learning balanced homodyne detection

Precision experimental determination of photon correlation requires the massive amounts of data and extensive measurement time. We present a technique to monitor second-order photon correlation $g^{(2)}(0)$ of amplified quantum noise based on wideband balanced homodyne detection and deep-learning acceleration. The quantum noise is effectively amplified by an injection of weak chaotic laser and the $g^{(2)}(0)$ of the amplified quantum noise is measured with a real-time sample rate of 1.4 GHz. We also exploit a photon correlation convolutional neural network accelerating correlation data using a few quadrature fluctuations to perform a parallel processing of the $g^{(2)}(0)$ for various chaos injection intensities and effective bandwidths. The deep-learning method accelerates the $g^{(2)}(0)$ experimental acquisition with a high accuracy, estimating 6107 sets of photon correlation data with a mean square error of 0.002 in 22 seconds and achieving a three orders of magnitude acceleration in data acquisition time. This technique contributes to a high-speed and precision coherence evaluation of entropy source in secure communication and quantum imaging.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure

Breaking Language Barriers in Multilingual Mathematical Reasoning: Insights and Observations

Existing research predominantly focuses on developing powerful language learning models (LLMs) for mathematical reasoning within monolingual languages, with few explorations in preserving efficacy in a multilingual context. To bridge this gap, this paper pioneers exploring and training powerful Multilingual Math Reasoning (xMR) LLMs. Firstly, by utilizing translation, we construct the first multilingual math reasoning instruction dataset, MGSM8KInstruct, encompassing ten distinct languages, thus addressing the issue of training data scarcity in xMR tasks. Based on the collected dataset, we propose different training strategies to build powerful xMR LLMs, named MathOctopus, notably outperform conventional open-source LLMs and exhibit superiority over ChatGPT in few-shot scenarios. Notably, MathOctopus-13B reaches 47.6% accuracy which exceeds ChatGPT 46.3% on MGSM testset. Beyond remarkable results, we unearth several pivotal observations and insights from extensive experiments: (1) When extending the rejection sampling strategy to the multilingual context, it proves effective for model performances, albeit limited. (2) Employing parallel corpora for math Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) across multiple languages not only significantly enhances model performance multilingually but also elevates their monolingual performance. This indicates that crafting multilingual corpora can be regarded as a vital strategy for enhancing model performance in a specific language, especially in mathematical reasoning tasks. For instance, MathOctopus-7B improves its counterparts that trained on English from 42.2% to 50.8% on GSM8K testset.Comment: Work in Progres

MMoE: Robust Spoiler Detection with Multi-modal Information and Domain-aware Mixture-of-Experts

Online movie review websites are valuable for information and discussion about movies. However, the massive spoiler reviews detract from the movie-watching experience, making spoiler detection an important task. Previous methods simply focus on reviews' text content, ignoring the heterogeneity of information in the platform. For instance, the metadata and the corresponding user's information of a review could be helpful. Besides, the spoiler language of movie reviews tends to be genre-specific, thus posing a domain generalization challenge for existing methods. To this end, we propose MMoE, a multi-modal network that utilizes information from multiple modalities to facilitate robust spoiler detection and adopts Mixture-of-Experts to enhance domain generalization. MMoE first extracts graph, text, and meta feature from the user-movie network, the review's textual content, and the review's metadata respectively. To handle genre-specific spoilers, we then adopt Mixture-of-Experts architecture to process information in three modalities to promote robustness. Finally, we use an expert fusion layer to integrate the features from different perspectives and make predictions based on the fused embedding. Experiments demonstrate that MMoE achieves state-of-the-art performance on two widely-used spoiler detection datasets, surpassing previous SOTA methods by 2.56% and 8.41% in terms of accuracy and F1-score. Further experiments also demonstrate MMoE's superiority in robustness and generalization

Efficacy and safety of consolidation durvalumab after chemoradiation therapy for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of real-world studies

Background: The current review aimed to pool real-world evidence on the efficacy and toxicity of consolidation durvalumab for stage III unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after curative chemoradiotherapy.Methods: PubMed, CENTRAL, ScienceDirect, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for observational studies reporting the use of durvalumab for NSCLC till 12th April 2022. Twenty-three studies with 4,400 patients were included.Results: The pooled 1-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival rates (PFS) were 85% (95% CI: 81%–89%) and 60% (95% CI: 56%–64%) respectively. Pooled incidence of all-grade pneumonitis, grade ≥3 pneumonitis and discontinuation of durvalumab due to pneumonitis were 27% (95% CI: 19%–36%), 8% (95% CI: 6%–10%) and 17% (95% CI: 12%–23%) respectively. The pooled proportion of patients experiencing endocrine, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal adverse events was 11% (95% CI: 7%–18%), 8% (95% CI: 3%–17%), 5% (95% CI: 3%–6%), and 6% (95% CI: 3%–12%), respectively.Conclusion: Meta-regression indicated that performance status significantly influenced PFS, while age, time to durvalumab, and programmed death-ligand 1 status significantly affected pneumonitis rates. Real-world evidence suggests that the short-term efficacy and safety of durvalumab are consistent with that of the PACIFIC trial. The congruence of results lends support to durvalumab use in improving outcomes of unresectable stage III NSCLC.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022324663, identifier CRD42022324663