Dirty work: How hygiene and xenophobia marginalized the American waste trades, 1870-1930

AT THE BEGINNING of the twenty-first century, Americans think recycling is a good, even moral behavior. We all would like to see more reuse of things, tempering our rampant consumption and reducing the amount of garbage we throw into landfills and incinerators. Recycling now means leaving a cleaner, better planet to our children. Yet even today, most of us took down on the actual work of recycling, displaying little respect for the people who handle our waste, whether residential or industrial. The United States is by no means unique in attaching stigma to waste handlers. The work by definition occurs on the border between what societies deem valuable and worthless. The industrialized world has several examples of this dynamic over the past two centuries; Donald Reid has observed the complex and often negative public image of Parisian cesspool workers despite the importance of their work. Americans, however, conflate waste not only with ethics and social standing, but also with xenophobia, raising questions of what handling this material has to do with being an American. This dynamic exacerbated tensions for the waste trades in the United States just as they were growing, tensions that forced waste-handling businesses to assert their legitimacy according to a set of cultural perceptions relating to ethics, economics, and patriotism. One of the methods scrap firms used to assert their legitimacy was to employ the rhetoric of conservation. This article\u27s contribution to the understanding of waste in America is to explore this dynamic at work between 1870 and 1930

Clean and White A History of Environmental Racism in the United States

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: The Biopolitics of Waste -- PART I. ANTEBELLUM ROOTS -- 1. Thomas Jefferson's Ideal -- 2. The Decay of the Old -- PART II. NEW CONSTRUCTIONS -- 3. Searching for Order -- 4. "How Do You Make Them So Clean and White?" -- PART III. MATERIAL CONSEQUENCES -- 5. Dirty Work, Dirty Workers -- 6. Waste and Space Reordered -- PART IV. ASSIMILATION AND RESISTANCE -- 7. Out of Waste into Whiteness -- 8. "We Are Tired of Being at the Bottom" -- Conclusion: A Dirty History -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- About the AuthorDescription based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries

Abstract Capturing intraoperative deformations: research experience at Brigham and WomenÕs hospital

During neurosurgical procedures the objective of the neurosurgeon is to achieve the resection of as much diseased tissue as possible while achieving the preservation of healthy brain tissue. The restricted capacity of the conventional operating room to enable the surgeon to visualize critical healthy brain structures and tumor margin has lead, over the past decade, to the development of sophisticated intraoperative imaging techniques to enhance visualization. However, both rigid motion due to patient placement and nonrigid deformations occurring as a consequence of the surgical intervention disrupt the correspondence between preoperative data used to plan surgery and the intraoperative configuration of the patientÕs brain. Similar challenges are faced in other interventional therapies, such as in cryoablation of the liver, or biopsy of the prostate. We have developed algorithms to model the motion of key anatomical structures and system implementations that enable us to estimate the deformation of the critical anatomy from sequences of volumetric images and to prepare updated fused visualizations of preoperative and intraoperative images at a rate compatible with surgical decision making. This paper reviews the experience at Brigham and WomenÕs Hospital through the process of developing and applying novel algorithms for capturing intraoperative deformations in support of image guided therapy. Ó 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved