Hansel: A Chinese Few-Shot and Zero-Shot Entity Linking Benchmark

Modern Entity Linking (EL) systems entrench a popularity bias, yet there is no dataset focusing on tail and emerging entities in languages other than English. We present Hansel, a new benchmark in Chinese that fills the vacancy of non-English few-shot and zero-shot EL challenges. The test set of Hansel is human annotated and reviewed, created with a novel method for collecting zero-shot EL datasets. It covers 10K diverse documents in news, social media posts and other web articles, with Wikidata as its target Knowledge Base. We demonstrate that the existing state-of-the-art EL system performs poorly on Hansel (R@1 of 36.6% on Few-Shot). We then establish a strong baseline that scores a R@1 of 46.2% on Few-Shot and 76.6% on Zero-Shot on our dataset. We also show that our baseline achieves competitive results on TAC-KBP2015 Chinese Entity Linking task.Comment: WSDM 202

Co-exposure with Copper Alters the Uptake, Accumulation, Subcellular Distribution, and Biotransformation of Organophosphate Triesters in Rice<i> </i>(<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.)

This study investigated the uptake pathways, acropetal translocation, subcellular distribution, and biotransformation of OPEs by rice (Oryza sativa L.) after Cu exposure. The symplastic pathway was noted as the major pathway for the uptake of organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) and diesters (di-OPEs) by rice roots. Cu exposure enhanced the accumulation of tri-OPEs in rice roots, and such enhancement was positively correlated with Cu concentrations, attributing to the Cu-induced root damage. The hydrophilic Cl-OPEs in the cell-soluble fraction of rice tissues were enhanced after Cu exposure, while the subcellular distributions of alkyl- and aryl-OPEs were not affected by Cu exposure. Significantly higher biotransformation rates of tri-OPEs to di-OPEs occurred in leaves, followed by those in stems and roots. Our study reveals the mechanisms associated with the uptake, translocation, and biotransformation of various OPEs in rice after Cu exposure, which provides new insights regarding the phytoremediation of soils cocontaminated with heavy metal and OPEs.</p

Spatial and Seasonal Distribution, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment of Dissolved-Phase Ultraviolet Absorbents and Synthetic Phenolic and Amino Antioxidants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China

The occurrences of antioxidants (AOs) in aquatic environments, including ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs), synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), and amino antioxidants (AOAs), are receiving concerns due to potential risks to ecosystems and humans. In this study, we systematically elucidated the spatial and seasonal variation, sources, and risk assessments of 4 SPAs, 14 AOAs, and 12 UVAs in surface water in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The total concentration of AOs (Σ30AOs) displayed significant seasonal trends, with a higher concentration observed in dry seasons. The median concentrations of Σ30AOs were 95 and 42 ng/L for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. BHT-COOH and BHT-OH, DPA and DODPA, and UV-329 were the most abundant SPAs, AOAs, and UVAs, respectively. Strong significant and positive correlations were observed between the population of local residents and concentrations of SPAs and AOAs (p &lt; 0.001), indicating that the occurrences of SPAs and AOAs were influenced by anthropogenic activities. Source apportionment first revealed that AO contamination in the PRD mainly encompassed rubber manufacturing and plastic, resin, and polymer manufacturing, accounting for 61 and 25% of AOs in the PRD. The ecological risks were identified to be high for DODPA while the human health risks were found to have no adverse effects

Unveiling the spatial metabolome and anti-atherosclerosis effects of Allium macrostemon Bunge and Allium chinense G. Don

Allium macrostemon Bunge (AMB) and Allium chinense G. Don (ACGD) are both the medicinal herbs of Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus (also named Xiebai in Chinese) for the treatment of coronary heart disease. However, the similarities and differences of anti-atherosclerosis effects and chemical profiles of AMB and ACGD still remain unclear. Similarly, comparative analysis of the spatial metabolomes of AMB and ACGD has rarely been performed. First, biochemical and pathological results demonstrated that AMB and ACGD extracts exhibited similar and close lipid-lowering activity and anti-atherosclerosis effect. Further, a total of 693 metabolites were identified or tentatively characterized by UHPLC-MS/MS and UHPLC-TOF/MS. And 365 differential compounds were determined between AMB and ACGD involving in carbohydrate and aldarate metabolism, purine metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, α-linoleic acid metabolism, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism. Moreover, MALDI-TOF IMS-mediated spatial metabolome given the biosynthesis pathways of steroidal saponins, flavonoids, lignans for the first time. These compounds were rich in AMB tunic and outside scales, whereas they were mainly distributed in ACGD tunic, whole leaf scales, and rarely in developing flower buds. Taken together, these findings provided abundant information about pharmacological effects, chemical profiling and visual spatial distribution of AMB and ACGD, and would benefit the application and promotion of their relative products on the market

Mechanism of the efflux transport of demethoxycurcumin-O-glucuronides in HeLa cells stably transfected with UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1.

Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) is a safe and natural food-coloring additive, as well as an agent with several therapeutic properties. However, extensive glucuronidation in vivo has resulted in its poor bioavailability. In this study, we aimed to investigate the formation of DMC-O-glucuronides by uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) and its transport by breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in HeLa cells stably transfected with UGT1A1 (named HeLa1A1 cells). The chemical inhibitors Ko143 (a selective BCRP inhibitor) and MK571 (a pan-MRP inhibitor) both induced an obvious decrease in the excretion rate of DMC-O-glucuronides and a significant increase in intracellular DMC-O-glucuronide concentrations. Furthermore, BCRP knock-down resulted in a marked reduction in the level of excreted DMC-O-glucuronides (maximal 55.6%), whereas MRP1 and MRP4 silencing significantly decreased the levels of excreted DMC-O-glucuronides (a maximum of 42.9% for MRP1 and a maximum of 29.9% for MRP3), respectively. In contrast, neither the levels of excreted DMC-O-glucuronides nor the accumulation of DMC-O-glucuronides were significantly altered in the MRP4 knock-down HeLa cells. The BCRP, MRP1 and MRP3 transporters were identified as the most important contributors to the excretion of DMC-O-glucuronides. These results may significantly contribute to improving our understanding of mechanisms underlying the cellular disposition of DMC via UGT-mediated metabolism

In Vitro Glucuronidation of Wushanicaritin by Liver Microsomes, Intestine Microsomes and Expressed Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes

Wushanicaritin, a natural polyphenol compound, exerts many biological activities. This study aimed to characterize wushanicaritin glucuronidation by pooled human liver microsomes (HLM), human intestine microsomes and individual uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme. Glucuronidation rates were determined by incubating wushanicaritin with uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid-supplemented microsomes. Kinetic parameters were derived by appropriate model fitting. Reaction phenotyping, the relative activity factor (RAF) and activity correlation analysis were performed to identify the main UGT isoforms. Wushanicaritin glucuronidation in HLM was efficient with a high CLint (intrinsic clearance) value of 1.25 and 0.69 mL/min/mg for G1 and G2, respectively. UGT1A1 and 1A7 showed the highest activities with the intrinsic clearance (CLint) values of 1.16 and 0.38 mL/min/mg for G1 and G2, respectively. In addition, G1 was significantly correlated with β-estradiol glucuronidation (r = 0.847; p = 0.0005), while G2 was also correlated with chenodeoxycholic acid glucuronidation (r = 0.638, p = 0.026) in a bank of individual HLMs (n = 12). Based on the RAF approach, UGT1A1 contributed 51.2% for G1, and UGT1A3 contributed 26.0% for G2 in HLM. Moreover, glucuronidation of wushanicaritin by liver microsomes showed marked species difference. Taken together, UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9 and 2B7 were identified as the main UGT contributors responsible for wushanicaritin glucuronidation