Le parlement et la présence politique des femmes en Iran : la loi sur les bourses d'Etat

Le projet de loi concernant l'attribution des bourses d'Etat aux étudiants désirant poursuivre leurs études à l'étranger et plus précisément l'alinéa 1 de son article 3 qui interdisait aux femmes célibataires de bénéficier de cette bourse a montré, par l'ampleur des débats qu'il a suscités et l'éventail de différences mises en évidence, les limites de l'islamisation de la société, mais aussi le rôle que les institutions modernes, tel un parlement élu au suffrage universel, peuvent jouer dans la différenciation inévitable de la société face aux épreuves

Le Parlement et la présence politique des femmes en Iran : La loi sur les bourses d'Etat

Jalali Naini Ziba. Le Parlement et la présence politique des femmes en Iran : La loi sur les bourses d'Etat. In: CEMOTI, n°22, 1996. Arabes et Iraniens. pp. 330-340

Antibody Response to Cryptococcus neoformans Capsular Polysaccharide Glucuronoxylomannan in Patients after Solid-Organ Transplantation

Cryptococcosis is an important complication of solid-organ transplantation, but the risk factors for disease are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to investigate whether specific or nonspecific serum immunoglobulin levels determined in samples obtained before and after solid-organ transplantation differed in patients who did or did not develop cryptococcosis after transplantation. We analyzed pretransplantation sera from 25 subjects, 15 who subsequently developed cryptococcosis and 10 who did not, and posttransplantation sera from 24 subjects, 13 who developed cryptococcosis and 11 who did not. All subjects received a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen. Total immunoglobulin levels were measured by immunodiffusion, and Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM)-specific serum antibody levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The results showed that solid-organ transplantation had a significant effect on total immunoglobulin and GXM-reactive antibody levels. GXM-reactive antibody levels differed in subjects who did and did not develop cryptococcosis. In pretransplant serum samples, the levels of GXM-reactive immunoglobulin M (IgM) were significantly lower in subjects who developed cryptococcosis after transplantation than in those who did not. For posttransplant serum samples, the levels of GXM-reactive IgM and IgG were significantly higher among the subjects who developed cryptococcosis than among those who did not. These findings suggest that perturbations in the preexisting antibody or B-cell repertoire and/or related to treatment of rejection, transplantation, or immunosuppressive therapy could translate into an increased risk for transplant-associated cryptococcosis