The effect of boldenone anabolic steroid, and endurance and resistance training on liver damage markers in rats

Background: This study aimed at investigating the effect of boldenone, and endurance and resistance training on liver damage in rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 70 male Wistar rats aged 12 weeks (weight, 228±7 g) were randomly divided into 10 equal groups: control, sham, boldenone (2 mg/kg), boldenone (5 mg/kg), resistance training, resistance training-boldenone (2 mg/kg), resistance training-boldenone (5 mg/kg), endurance training, endurance training-boldenone (2 mg/kg) and endurance training-boldenone (5 mg/kg) groups. The resistance training program included an 8-week climb from the ladder, three times a week and each session 3 sets with 5 repetitions and the endurance training program was 8-week running on treadmills, 3 days a week, every day 30 minutes at a speed of 12 meters per minute. The injection was performed in the biceps femoris muscle once a week. After anesthesia, autopsy was performed and the liver tissue was isolated for histological studies. Results: The most liver tissue damage was observed in the boldenone group without training; so that the vacuolar degeneration more than 66% and the presence of 1-3 necrotic cells was very important. In resistance training and high-dose boldenone resistance training, liver damage was also observed as vacuolar degeneration. In the endurance training-boldenone inflammation group, increased kupffer cells and mild vacuolar degeneration were observed. Histological studies showed that endurance training reduced the vacuolar degeneration and inflammation and did not increase kupffer cells. Conclusion: It seems that boldenone can cause damage to liver and endurance training compared with resistance training may cause more reduction in liver damage, especially reduction in the vacuolar degeneration and inflammation induced by boldenone

The Effects of 6 Weeks of Endurance Training and Consumption of Different Doses of Boldenone on Hematological Factors and Spleen Structure Changes in Male Wistar Rats

Background and Objectives: Regardless of how many periods and how long the androgenic-anabolic steroids have been used, they can cause side effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect a 6-week endurance training and using different doses of anabolic steroid boldenone on hematological factors and changes in spleen structure in male Wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 47 male Wistar rats aged 12 weeks, were randomly divided into 7 groups (control, sham, boldenone-1, boldenone-2, endurance training, endurance training+boldenone-1, endurance training+boldenone-2). Increasing endurance training program was performed at the speed of 10-30m/min (Vo2max, 75-80%) for 6 weeks and 5 days/week. The drug was injected deeply into the quadriceps and hamstring muscles once a week, on an appointed day. After anesthesia and dissection, the spleen was removed. Finally, the selected microscopic sections, were studied using a light microscope after staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Data were analyzed by dependent t-, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc LSD tests at &alpha;<0.05 level. Results: In this study, boldenone supplementation at different doses led to weight gain, non-significant decrease in spleen weight (p=0.297), increase in white blood cells (p=0.041), and increase in hematocrit level (p=0.017). Also, there was a significant difference between the effect of exercise and boldenone consumption on the extent of damage to white pulp, red pulp, and the spleen sinusoidal space (p=0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed it is likely that short-term consumption of boldenone have negative effects on the spleen structure, followed by negative changes in hematological factors

Effect of 6 Weeks of Resistance Training and Boldenone Supplementation on 5-alpha Reductase and Aromatase Gene Expression in Testes Tissue of Male Wistar Rats

Aims: Using anabolic androgenic steroids by athletes has significant side effects on sex hormones and the reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of resistance exercise and Boldenone supplements on the expression of 5-alpha reductase and aromatase genes of the testis tissue in Wistar rats. Material & Methods: In this experimental study, thirty 12-week old male Wistar rats with the average weight of 195.00±7.94 grams were divided randomly into 5 groups; control, sham, Boldenone supplements (2mg per each kilogram of body weight), resistance exercise and Boldenone exercise. Resistance exercise program was 5 sessions of climbing the ladder each week (3 sets of 5 repeats) for 6 weeks that was started by 50% of one maximum repetition and reached 100% at the end. The level of 5-alpha reductase and aromatase genes expression were measured after the anesthesia and the removal of the testes tissue in the samples. Data was analyzed by paired T, ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests by using SPSS 22 software. Findings: The average weight of all groups’ mice were significantly increased in week 6 comparing to the first week (p=0.0001). There was significant increasing in 5-alpha-reductase expression in Boldenone and Boldenone exercise than the control group and also in the Boldenone exercise than resistance exercise group after the intervention. There was significant increasing in aromatase gene expression in resistance exercise and Boldenone exercise groups than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Boldenone supplement along with 6 weeks of resistance exercise increases the levels of 5-alpha reductase and aromatase genes expression in testis tissue of Wistar rats

Structural changes of cardiac tissue in response to boldenone supplementation with or without alcoholic extract of jujuba fruit during resistance training in male Wistar rats

Background: Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids has been linked to a variety of different cardiovascular side effects. The use of medicinal herbs has been shown to reduce disease and cardiovascular disorders. This study aimed at examining the structural changes of the cardiac tissue in response to boldenone supplementation along with the alcoholic extract of jujuba during resistance training in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats aged 8-12 weeks (weight 202±9.34 g) were randomly divided into five groups: control, boldenone, extract of iujuba+boldenone, boldenone+resistance training and boldenone+resistance training+extract of jujuba. The resistance training program included climbing the ladder for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, 1 session training in a day and each session consisted of the 3 sets and 5 repetitions. Injection was conducted in depth in the hamstring once a week, on an appointed day. After anesthesia, autopsy was performed and the cardiac tissue was isolated. Results: The results showed that boldenone caused tissue damage, hyperemia, abnormal cytoplasm and unclear and dispersed nuclei. In the boldenone+resistance training group, the heart tissue had high levels of hyperemia and the muscle cells were a little abnormal. In the boldenone+jujube group, appearance of the tissue was normal and a restorative effect was evident in the tissue. Conclusion: It seems that boldenone can cause structural damage to the heart tissue and the resistance training along with the jujube extract can reduce some of the cardiovascular disorders (necrosis and inflammation) caused by the use of anabolic steroids

A case report of simultaneous medullary and papillary carcinoma of thyroid

Objective. Medullary (MTC) and papillary (PTC) thyroid carcinoma are two different types of thyroid carcinoma with significant differences in origin. Their co-occurrence in a patient is a rare phenomenon. We report a patient with simultaneous presentation of both MTC and PTC

Motor coordination and structural changes of hippocampus tissue in response to eight weeks of aerobic training and Ritalin consumption in hyperactive rats

Background: Changes in the structure of the hippocampus play a role in the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the motor coordination and structural changes of the hippocampus tissue in response to an 8-week aerobic training program and Ritalin consumption in hyperactive rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 33 Wistar rats weighing 180-220g were randomly divided into 5 groups: 1) healthy control, 2) hyperactivity, 3) hyperactivity-aerobic training, 4) hyperactivity- Ritalin, and 5) hyperactivity-aerobic training-Ritalin and respond positively to the open field test. To induce ADHD in the rats, they were injected 10 mg/kg of L-NAME for 8 weeks (6 days per week) based on the weight of the rats. The drug group received 1 mg oral Ritalin per kg weight of rats daily for 8 weeks. The rats performed aerobic training 30 minutes a day and 7 days a week for 8 weeks. Results: The results showed that aerobic training and Ritalin consumption had no significant effect on weight (P=0.877) but had a significant effect on motor coordination (P=0.001) in hyperactive rats. In rats with the hyperactivity disorder, there was a slight change in the tissue and cellular structure, necrosis and tissue hyperemia as well as piconosis of the hippocampus tissue. Treadmill training along with Ritalin consumption reduced the tissue and cellular damage, necrosis, and also piconosis of the hippocampus tissue. Conclusion: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can cause the structural damage of the hippocampus tissue and treadmill exercises with Ritalin consumption may improve the damage to the hippocampal structure

Roasting Process Optimization of Walnut Kernels for the Preparation of Walnut Cream Using Response Surface Methodology

Roasting has considerable effects on the quality of cream made of nuts. In this study, the roasting conditions of walnut kernels were optimized based on the stability parameters of the produced cream. Temperatures of 100-150°C for 10-30 minutes were used to roast walnut kernels. The amount of oil separation, peroxide, acidity and Thiobarbituric acid values of the cream, as well as color parameters were determined after three months of storage at 25°C. The results showed that the oil separation increased with temperature and time of roasting (from 4.16% at 100°C/10min to 7.85% at 150°C/30min). Peroxide, acidity and thiobarbituric acid values were significantly affected by temperature and time of roasting. In addition, it was shown that as the temperature increased, the redness and yellowness increased, but the lightness of the samples decreased. Finally, the temperature of 116°C for 12 minutes was chosen as the optimized roasting conditions for producing walnut cream

Comparison of Adiponectin Level in Women with Breast Cancer with Healthy Women

Introduction: Adiponectin is one of the plasma protein derived from adipose tissue which has a positive effect on metabolism of fat and lipid, resulting from its own receptors. Increase in body mass index (BMI) has a direct relationship with life length. Obesity has effects on secretion of some hormons related to adipokines. Adiponectin is an adipokine having an opposite relationship with insulin resistance and breast cancer. It is also the connection between breast cancer incidence and obesity. Adiponectin level decreases in women affected by breast cancer and knowing this fact can help treat and prevent the cancer by giving adiponectin supplements. The present study compared the adiponectin levels in women affected by breast cancer and healthy females as control group Method: in this study, 80 women with breast cancer and 80 healthy females as controls were selected and adiponectin level was compared between them. Result: the group with breast cancer, having a higher BMI mean (28.77 ± 6.05), showed a lower adiponectin level in comparison to control group .(p= 0.0001) Conclusion: Considering the fact that the risk is higher in women with bigger BMI value, informing women in this regard could have a great effect on preventing this wide-spread disease. Taking adiponectin supplements as pills or injection could be a preventing step for breast cancer, which needs to be considered as targets for future studies